Background : Ginseng farmers prefer first planted field because of replant failure. But the accumulation of nutrients is higher in the first planted field due to using large amounts of chemical fertilizers and manure. The higher phosphate concentration in preparation field decreased emergence ratio and occurred leaf chlorosis in ginseng. The purpose of this study was to develop a technology for reducing phosphate concentration in preparation field of ginseng. Methods and Results : This study was performed in farm's fild located Yeongju in 2015. Treatment of plots consisted of sudangrass, maize, deep plowing + sudangrass and microbes(Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Bacillus subtilis, streptomyces griseus) + sudangrass. sudangrass and maize were sown in early May to 5kg / 10a. Microbes diluted 500 times were treated to drench the soil before sowing crops(400L/10a). The main survey was yield of crop, soil chemical properties, reduction ratio of phosphate and changes in available phosphate. Reduction ratio of phosphate in the plot of maize and Rhodobacter sphaeroides were 27.9% and 24.3%, respectively, which were higher 2∼5% than the control plot. Fresh weight yield was the highest with 11.1ton / 10a in the plot of maize and ratio of dry matter was the highest with 27% in the plot of maize. Conclusion : The phosphate removal ability of maize was better than sudangrass in phosphate accumulation soil. Subsoil reversed using excavators used by some farmers could not mitigate of phosphate and salts concentration in preparation field. The soil that phosphate concentration is more than 1,000mg/kg is required a long-term management.

Background : Every year, Damping-off is repeated in the germination time of ginseng on April to May. This study was carried out to find out the cause of damping-off and the optimum eco-friendly product for suppression of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani on Panax ginseng. Methods and Results : Bikona (Bioagent), Lime-Sulfur Mixture, Lime-Bordeux Mixture, NaOcl, and Fludioxonil were tested in farmer's field located in Youngju and Bonghwa, Gyeongbuk. Experimental plots (20m×0.9m) of 4-year-old ginseng fields were artificially infested with 2kg and 3kg in fresh weight of inoculum in Youngju and Bonghwa, respectively. Growth characteristics in all the plots of eco-friendly product were similar and had no difference significantly. Damping-off incidences were 0.8% at the polt of NaOcl in Bonghwa, which showed the lowest in all the plots. Ginseng yield in the plot of NaOcl and Fludioxonil were 1.75 kg and 1.71 kg per 1.62 ㎡, which increased 10∼12% compared to the control plot. Conclusion : Sodium hypochlorite as eco-friendly materials for control of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in ginseng represented a similar performance with Fludioxonil and seems to be utilized in the farm.

Background : The Ginseng has been one of the crops that represents Korea, and the main export items in the 1960s, Now it occupies the first exports of agricultural products. The Eco-friendly cultivation of Ginseng was difficult for various reasons. But the cultivation in Green House can be suppressed disease occurrence, when utilizing an environmentally friendly materials has the advantage that can dramatically increase the income by possible organic production. For other crops, it made up a lot of studies on water management, But the studies on water management of ginseng is somewhat lacking. Therefore, this study was conducted to establish appropriate soil- moisture-management-systems within the house of ginseng cultivation. Methods and Results : The type of house is a double steel structure. The first layer was PE film, the second layer was the blue shading net and 75% black shading net. The Soil texture was silt loam and the Soil Series was YEONGOK Series. Install the house on the adjacent paddy soil and upland soil, and planting on April 30, 2011 which was cultivated by the straw mulching. The irrigation start point was the 40, 30, 20kpa, and the end point was treated with 15, 10kpa. Soil moisture measurements were determined by tension meter(Jet Fill) depth 20cm in soil. Growth and Yield Survey was conducted in accordance with the Rural Development Administration (RDA) standard research. Statistical analysis of the results were analyzed using the Microsoft's Excel 2003. Conclusion : In a survey due to differences in soil traits and Irrigation point, from 2 years to 4years of root weight and yield of Ginseng were heavier in the upland, especially 30kpa irrigation point treatment was heaviest than the other treatments. From 5year to 6 Years of ginseng has showed heavier in paddy soil, the most treatment was 30kpa- 15kpa irrigation point. This trend was the same in upland soil. Soil moisture management in the case of silt loam, the humid-state-control was more advantageous than dry-state control in upland and paddy soil.

Background : Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer is a perennial herb and its growth potential keep relatively high at least for the early 3 years old. If the transplanted ginseng roots of 2 or 3 years old grow well, a period of cultivation and the disease management cost could be reduced for the production of 6 years old ginseng roots. Methods and Results : The rooting and growth of a transplanted ginseng root could be affected by the age of a transplant. Therefore, the experiments were conducted to examine the influences of the age factor on the rooting and growth of transplanted ginseng roots. The ginseng roots with different plant ages in growth years (1, 2, and 3 years old), used in this study, were obtained by raising in a seedling production field near the Punggi Ginseng Experiment Station. The transplants were continuously grown under the same conditions after transplanting. The number of lateral or branched roots at the root-growing period after transplanting was basically higher in originally older plant ages compared to younger plants: the numbers of secondary and tertiary branched roots of the 1 year-old transplants were 8, 12, respectably; 2 years old: 12, 20; 3 years old: 12, 28. Those did not show any difference in both overground and underground growing, in compared to conventional cultivations with roots of a year old. The plants grew well without anthracnose, spotting disease, and high temperature injury. Conclusion : The conventional cultivation period of above 5 or 6 years for the raw material of red ginseng might be shorten and also the cost of disease control could be decreased, by transplanting of 2 or 3 years old roots raised at a seedling nursing field.

Lime-bordeaux mixture (LBM) has been used instead of pesticides in ginseng field and orchard since the 1960's in Korea. In this experiment, LBM was made with different concentrations and sprayed in the field of ginseng for eco-friendly cultivation. Growth characteristics and disease such as alternaria blight, anthracnose, and gray mold were investigated in 4-5 year old ginseng after spraying LBM. LBM caused a little damage on leaf when it was sprayed at the time of leafing stage, late April and early May. Root weights of five-year-old ginseng were 43.1~51.5 g and 41.2~46.6 g in the plot of mid-April and mid-May treatments, respectively. These growth levels were further reduced as compared with that of the chemicals treatment plot. The rate of diseases in the plot of 6-6 and 8-8 ratio were 0.0~4.8% and 0.0~4.4%, respectively, which was similar with that in the plot of chemical control for alternaria blight and anthracnose. However, LBM had little effect on controling gray mold. It showed lower control effect in the plot of 4-4 ratio than that of chemical control. This result will be expected to be a useful guide that can be used in the field to the farmers of the ginseng.

Lime-bordeaux mixture has been used to prevent diseases in the field of ginseng. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of lime-bordeaux depending on the concentration and treatment time on major diseases of ginseng such as Alternaria blight and anthracnose, and to evaluate the root growth of ginseng. Lime-bordeaux caused damage on leaf when it was sprayed on ginseng between April and early May. No difference was found in root growth by spraying lime-bordeaux mixture between ratio 4-4 and 8-8 ratio in concentration. Plot of 6-6 raito and 8-8 ratio appeared to be similar efficacy compared to that of practical chemical control. However, the plot of 4-4 ratio showed lower than that of chemical control.