A total of 136 coliform bacteria isolated from spring water (112 strains) and ground water (24 strains), submitted to Seoul Health and Environmental Research Institute from June to July in 1997, were characterized biochemically and microbiologically. Colonical characteristics of each isolate were also noted, including color and texture on EMB agar. Among the 136 isolates, 50.7% were greenish metallic sheen color, 44.2% were pink and 5.1% were violet. The sixty four percent were smooth, 34.6% were mucoid and 0.7%. were rough. Twenty three bacterial species were identified by IMViC and API 20E test. Among the 136 coliform bacteria known to species, 39 isolates (28.6%) were Escherichia spp., 32 isolates (23.5%) were Klebsiella ssp., 30 isolates (22.1%) were Enterobacter spp., 19 isolates (14.0%) were Serratia spp., 6 isolates (4.4%) were Citrobacter spp., 4 isolates (3.0%) were Kluyuera spp. and 7 isolates (5.1%) were other bacterial species. Strains, which were gas-positive in lactose broth but gas-negative in Kligler Iron Agar were Ent. intermedium, Ser. liquefaciens, Ser. marcescenes and Salmonella arizoae. Strains, which were H2S production were also Kleb. pneumoniae, Kleb. oxytoca, Kleb. ornithinolytica, Ent. sakazakii, Ent. cloacae, Ser. liquefaciens, Ser. ficaria, Cit. freundii and Sal. arizoae. In the present study, most of coliform isolated from spring and ground water were E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. Since coliform with pink colony in EMB agar was isolated as frequent as coliform with greenish metallic sheen colony, coliform with pink colony should be considered as important colony. Our results suggested that new coliform strains may be emerging on the basis of biochemical and microbiological testes.

It was performed to investigate for Yersinia species from 2,841 spring waters in Seoul, from 1994 to 1998. Of them, Yersinia spp. were isolated 86 isolates (3.3%). Of 86, sixty two isolates (72.1%) were Yersinia enterocolitica, followed by Y. aldouae (11 strains), Y. pseudotuberculosis (5 strains), Y. frederiksenii (3 strains), unclassified Yersinia spp. (5 strains). Yersinia spp. were highest isolated from Nowon-Gu (22 samples) and Bukhan Mountain Park isolates (18 samples). We tested 1.186 samples for SPC and coliform from 1996 to 1998. Of these tests, the positive rate of coliform was 23.6%, SPC, 9.1%, and either coliform or SPC positive 27.1%. The positive rates of coliform and SPC were decreased 26.7%, 12.7% in 1996, 25.8%, 6.3% in 1997 and 18.1%, 7.6% in 1998, respectively. Of Y. enterocolitica, 78% was resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin. In the case of Y. aldouae, only 3 of 11 isolated were resistent to carbenicillin. Y. pseudotuberculosis were resistant to colistin. Also Y. frederiksenii to carbenicillin. There were many spring waters of Y. enterocolitica isolated from Nowon-Gu and Buk-han Mountain Park. So, it needs to clean the environment of those regions.

본 연구에서는 장기간 지표유출량을 산출할 수 있는 SMI 기법(Soil moisture index model)의 적용성이 탐색된다. 장기간의 직접유출량을 산출하는 문제는 강우유출수 관리, 비점오염원 관리, 유역환경관리 등에서 매우 중요한 사안이다. 현재 장기간 강우유출수 모의를 위하여 우리나라에서 가장 널리 이용되는 방법은 유출계수법과 NRCS-CN방법이다. 하지만 유출계수법은 강수의 차단 및 유수의 저류효과를 고려할 수 없을 뿐 아니라 토양특성을 고려될 수 없다는 문제가 있으며 NRCS-CN방법은 선행강수량과 토지이용상태 및 토양특성을 고려될 수 있는 진보된 방법이나 기본적으로 강우사상별로 적용되도록 개발되었기 때문에 유역의 토양의 연속적인 토양함수조건을 고려하지 못하는 문제가 있다. SMI 기법은 이러한 연속적인 토양함수조건을 고려하여 장기간의 연속적인 강우유출량을 모의하기 위하여 개발되었다. 장기간 관측 자료가 있는 우리나라 6개 댐 상류 유역을 대상으로 SMI 기법의 매개변수를 추정할 수 있었으며, NRCS-CN 방법을 이용한 장기간 지표유출량 산정 결과와 비교하였을 때, SMI 기법의 지표유출량이 NRCS-CN 방법보다 현실성 있는 결과로 산출되었으며 강수량에 조금 더 민감함을 확인 할 수 있었다.