This study was practiced to survey food-borne bacterial aspects of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus etc. from 210 processed seasoned marine products in Garak fishery wholesale market in Seoul, 2009. Distributions of these bacterial isolates were 28 coliforms, 32 Bacillus spp., 71 Staphylococcus spp., 11 Listeria spp, and 10Enterococcus spp. in 157 dried squids, 23 dried file fishes, and 20 dried pollacks etc. respectively. Results in 16 kinds of antibiotics susceptibility test by disc diffusion method, special multiple drugs resistance patterns were NOR + LVX + CIP + SAM+ VA + S + TE + CF, SAM + C + VA, VA + S + TE, and VA + S in 9 E. coli strains, also,AMC + SAM + CF, SAM + CF, and VA + CF in 21 Bacillus cereus strains respectively. On the basis of the results above, many seasoned dried fishes had multiple drugs resistances, conclusively, we suggest limited guideline and special management on use of antibiotics in floating net cages of fishery farms.

서울시 가락농수산물시장에서 수거한 총 2,066건의 해산물(어류 573건, 패류 721건, 갑각류 208건 그리고 연체류 564건)을 대상으로 대장균을 분리 동정한 결과 10.3%(212/2,066)의 검출율을 보였다. 분리된 212주의 대장균의 월별 분포를 살펴보면, 1월 4.0%, 2월 1.0%, 3월 0.7%, 4월 9.5%, 5월 4.4%, 6월 9.4%, 7월 30.5%, 8월 42.1%, 9월 21.2%, 10월 6.6%, 11월 0.7% 그리고 12월 4.6%의 검출율을 보여, 6-9월 등 하절기에 많은 대장균이 분포됨을 알 수 있었고, 검체별 분포를 살펴보면, 어류가 7.0%(40/573), 패류 12.8%(92/721), 갑각류 8.7%(18/208) 그리고 연체류 11.0%(62/564)의 검출율을 보여, 패류, 연체류가 어류, 갑각류에 비해 대장균 분리율이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 또한, 지역별 분포를 살펴보면, 강원 21.3%의 검출율을 보였고, 인천 15.6%,경남 12.1%, 전남 11.5%, 전북 22.2%, 충남 11.6%, 제주 6.7% 그리고 우리나라 이외의 지역에서 9.0%의 검출율을 보였다. 212주를 대상으로 혈청형 동정을 실시한 결과, O6은 소라, 키조개, 그리고 건해삼에서 각각 1건씩, O25는 문어, 멍게에서 각각 1건씩, O29는 소라, 키조개에서 각각 1건씩, 그리고 O8, O25, O26, O27, O55, O78, O126, O158, O168은 문어, 갈치, 미더덕, 바지락, 낙지, 쭈꾸미, 소라, 오징어 알에서 각각 1건씩, O167도 소라에서 1건 확인되어 총 16주 (7.5% = 16/212)의 O 혈청형이 동정되어 어패류 등 해산물에 대장균이 분포되어 있음을 알 수 있었다.

잔류물질 간이 시험법으로 EEC-4 plate test와 Charm II test가 항생물질과 합성항균제 잔류검사에 널리 이용되고 있는 바, 이들 상호간의 결과 수치를 비교, 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. EEC-4 plate 혹은 Charm II에서 양성으로 나타난 돈육 71건에 대하여 HPLC로 정량 분석한 결과, only tetracyclines 46건, only sulfonamides와 solfonamides+tetracyclines가 각각 4건씩, amphenicols+tetracyclines와 amphenicols+sulfonamides+tetracyclines가 각각 1건씩 검출되었고, 15건에서는 검출되지 않았다. Sulfonamides 계열에서 검출된 9건의 경우, Charm-II test 결과 수치가 낮은 경우에 정량 검출량이 높게 나타났고, EEC-4 plate test결과 pH6.0, pH7.2, pH8.0모두에서 양성으로 나타나는 등 두 시험방법 간에 연관성이 있었고, chloramphenicols 계열에서 검출된 2건과 검출되지 않은 7건의 경우, Charm-II test결과 수치가 낮은 경우에는 오히려 정량 검출되지 않았으나, control point근방의 양성 수치에서는 검출량이 높게 나타날 뿐 아니라 EEC-4 plate test에서도 pH 6.0, pH 7.2, pH 8.0 모두에서 양성으로 나타나는 등 두 시험방법 간에 연관성이 있었다. 한편, tetracycline 계열의 경우, EEC-4 plate와 Charm-II간에 연관성은 없었다. 또한, EEC-4 plate와 Charm II에서 각각 양성을 나타내었으나 HPLC에서는 검출되지 않는 경우는 tetracyclines계열에서는 10.5%(6/57), sulfonamides계열의 경우는 없었고, chloramphenicols계열의 경우는 81.8%(9/11)로 각각 나타나 EEC-4 plate와 Charm II가 세 가지 잔류물질 시험에 대한 screening method로서 적합함을 알 수 있었다.

2002년 1-12월까지 시험 의뢰된 식육가공품 총 450건(햄류 231건, 소시지류 112건, 건조저장육류 32건, 양념육 17건, 분쇄가공육 16건, 베이컨 16건, 식육통조림 등 26건 등)에 대하여 아질산 이온 함량을 시험, 조사한 결과, 아질산염 함량이 10 ppm 이상 되는 검체들은 햄류 45.9%, 소시지류 62.5%, 베이컨 37.5% 그리고 분쇄 가공육 12.5% 이었고, 30ppm 이상 나타난 검체로는 햄류 14건, 소시지류 5건, 베이컨 1건 그리고 분쇄가공육 1건으로, 식육가공품에 대한 아질산 이온의 사용이 일반화되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결국, 식품의 안전성과 위생적인 식품 보급을 위해서는 아질산 이온 등 발색제에 대한 지속적인 감시가 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

2002년 1-12월까지 시험 의뢰된 식육가공품에 대하여 소르빈산 함량을 시험, 조사한 결과, 14.9%(67/450)에서 소르빈산이 검출되었고, 유형별로는 건조저장육 65.6%(21/32), 베이컨 17.6%(3/17), 햄 11.7%(27/231), 소시지 11.7%(13/111), 기타식육가공품(통조림 등) 11.5%(3/26) 순이었으며, 소르빈산 함량 범위는 ND-1.21 g/Kg, 평균 0.86 g/Kg이었는데, 유형ㅂ려로는 각각, 건조저장육 ND-1.21 g/Kg, 0.34 g/Kg, 베이컨 ND-0.84 g/Kg, 0.12 g/Kg, 햄 ND-1.27 g/Kg, 0.074 g/Kg, 소시지 ND-0.90 g/Kg, 0.077 g/Kg 그리고 기타식육가공품(통조림 등) ND-0.20 g/Kg, 0.015 g/Kg 등으로 나타났다. 결국, 식품의 안전성과 위생적인 식품 보급을 위해서는 소리빈산 등 보존료에 대한 지속적인 감시가 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

서울시 가락농수산물시장에서 2001년 1-12월 수거한 총 742건의 수산물(어류 192건, 패류 242건, 갑각류 39건 그리고 연체류 71건)을 대상으로 대장균을 분리 동정한 결과 12.4%(92/742)의 검출율을 보였다. 분리된 92주의 월별 분포를 살펴보면, 1월 10%(1/10), 2월 7.1%(2/28), 3월 9.7%(7/72), 4월 10.8%(8/74), 5월 1.9%(1/53), 6월 20.3%(16/79), 7월 13.3%(10/75), 8월 40.0%(20/50), 9월 8.1%(7/86), 10월 10.0%(9/90), 11월 8.3%(6/72) 그리고 12월 9.4%(5/53)의 검출율을 보여 6-8월 등 하절기에 많은 대장균이 분포됨을 알 수 있었고, 검체별 분포를 살펴보면, 어류가 10.4%(20/192), 패류 14.5%(35/242), 갑각류 4.7%(10/212) 그리고 연체류 28.1%(27/96)의 검출율을 보여 연체류가 어류, 패류 및 갑각류에 비해 대장균 분리율이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 또한 지역별 분포를 살펴보면, 강원 12.5%(8/64), 경기 8.7%(6/69), 경남 18.4%(25/136), 경북 33.3%(1/3), 전남 13.2%(30/228), 전북 11.8%(8/68), 충남 6.3%(2/32), 제주 17.7%(3/17) 그리고 우리나라 이외의 지역에서 7.2%(9/125)의 검출율을 보였다. 92주 가운데 61주를 대상으로 불리균들의 O 혈청형을 동정한 결과, 개미더덕 1건에서 O6, 숭어와 갈치 각각 1건에서 O25가 확인되었고, 개미더덕, 한치알, 백합 각각 1건에서 O29가, 개미더덕 1건에서 O78 그리고 굴, 갑오징어, 갈치, 병어, 적어, 동죽살 각각 1건씩에서 O112, O136, O146, O159, O166, O168이 각각 확인되어 총 21.3%(13/61)의 혈청형이 동정되어 어패류 등 수산물에 대장균이 분포되어 있음을 알 수 있었다.

서울시 가락농수산물시장에서 2001년 1-12월 수거한 총 742건의 수산물에서 장염비브리오균을 분리 동정한 결과 12.5%(93/742)의 검출율을 보였고, 월별로는 2월 7.14%(2/28), 5월 5.7%(3/53), 6월 5.1%(4/79), 7월 24.0%(18/75), 8월 48.0%(24/50), 9월 26.7%(23/86), 10월 11.1%(10/90), 11월 8.3%(6/72), 12월 5.7%(3/53) 등, 7-9월 검출율이 높아 하절기 장염비브리오균에 의한 식중독의 주요 원인균이 될 수 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 검체별로는 어류 8.3%(16/192), 패류 15.3%(37/242), 갑각류 8.5%(18/212) 그리고 연체류 22.9%(22/96)로 나타나, 연체류가 분리율이 비교적 높았다. 또한, 지역별로는 경기 23.2%(16/69), 경남 6.6%(9/136), 경북 33.3%(1/3), 전남 13.6%(31/228), 전북 14.7%(10/68), 충남 15.6%(5/32), 제주 11.8%(2/17) 그리고 수입수산물 8.8%(11/125)의 검출율을 보였다. 93주 가운데 66주에서 K-type 혈청형을 살펴본 결과, K24, K28이 갑오징어와 징거미에서 하나씩, K47, K53는 홍합에서, K34는 바지락살과 한치알에서, K42는 갑오징어, 꽁치, 대합 그리고 오징어에서 각각 확인되어 15.2%(10/66)의 동정율을 나타내었다.

2001년 1-12월 서울시 가락농수산물시장에서 총 951건의 수산물(어류 34종 468건, 패류 17종 373건, 갑각류 10종 39건 그리고 두족류 등 11종 71건)을 대상으로 중금속 함량[average(minimum∼maximum), Unit:㎎/㎏]을 분석한 결과, Hg 0.025(N.D.∼0.19), Cd 0.288(N.D.∼1.85), pb 0.227(ND∼1.68)이었다. Hg의 경우, 패류[0.003((N.D.∼0.19)]>두족류 등[0.026(N.D.∼0.11)]>갑각류[0.026(N.D.∼0.09)]>어류[0.018(N.D.∼0.19)]순이었고, 가장 높은 함량은 미꾸라지(0.19)와 꼬막(0.19)이었으며, Pb의 경우 패류[0.223(N.D.∼1.38)]>어류[0.213(N.D.∼1.68)]>두족류 등[0.151(N.D.∼0.39)>갑각류[0.144(N.D.∼0.44)]순이었고, 가장 높은 함량은 미꾸라지(1.68)>빙어(1.44)>바지락(1.38)>뱀장어(1.35) 순이었다. 한편, Cd의 경우 패류[0.288(N.D.∼1.85)]중 가장 높은 함량은 꼬막(1.85)이었다.

This study was concentrated that the contents of heavy metals were estimated from 782 samples of sold fisheries in Seoul(33 species in fishes, 15 in bivalves, 12 in crustaceans and 10 in others) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The contents of As, Cd and Pb [minimum-maximum (mean)] were N.D.-0.162 mg/kg(0.021), 0.001-0.120 mg/kg(0.014) and 0.015-0.499 mg/kg(0.111) in fishes, 0.003-0.311 mg/kg(0.052), N.D.-1.905 mg/kg(0.182) and 0.013-0.462 mg/kg(0.138) in bivalves, N.D.-0.328 mg/kg(0.042), 0.002-1.113 mg/kg(0.079) and 0.006-0.510 mg/kg(0.109) in crustaceans, N.D.-0.181 mg/kg(0.024), 0.001-0.214 mg/kg(0.033) and 0.010-V0.877 mg/kg(0.118) in others respectively, bivalves were the highest than others. The average weekly intakes of three metals from sold fisheries took about 1.4-26.4% of PTWI (provisional tolerable weekly intakes) that FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee had set to evaluate their safety.

In order to investigate the distribution of paralytic shellfish poison, we examined the toxicity during from February to October in 2000. Of 591 shellfish samples, 17(2.88%) samples were detected. Scapgarca broughtonii was highest collected 14.29%(2/14). In the monthly detection rate of PSP, April was highest 13.3%(8/60), in the regional collecting rate, Cheon-nam coastal area was highest 3.82%(10/262), and in cases of imported area, China was 8.3%(1/12). Imported area as well as domestic area samples should be strengthen to examine enduringly.

This study was performed to investigate the contents of sulfites in 1,063 dried seaweeds in Seoul Chung-Bu market from March in 1999 to August in 2000. Sulfites of the samples were determined by Zn powder reduction method and Monnier-Williams's modified method. Two samples of 1063 (0.19%) were detected over 30ppm in SO₂ contents by Monnier-Williams's modified method. In samples detected over 30ppm, 2 brown algaes were 171.4ppm and 295.7ppm. By Zn powder reduction method, 54 dried seaweeds (54/1063 = 5.08%) were positive reaction (1-30ppm). These were 28 dried layers, 27 dried brown seaweeds and 2 sea cabbages. According to results, the quality test for the dried seaweeds must be reinforced to supply safety food for the citizens.

This study was performed to investigate the contents of sulfites in 2,770 dried marine products in Seoul Chung-Bu market from March to October in 1999. Sulfites of the samples were determined by Zn powder reduction method and Monnier-Williams's modified method. Eight samples of 2,770 (0.29%) were detected over 30ppm in S02 contents by Monnier-Williams's modified method. In samples detected over 30ppm, six dried filefishes(130.2-573.4ppm) were imported from Vietnam, same kind of other one(114.2ppm) was from China and the other one Alaska pollack(195.3ppm) was domestic. By Zn powder reduction method, 259 dried marine products (259/2,770=9.35%) were positive reaction (1-30ppm). These were 93 dried shrimps, 53 filefish meats, 34 dried squids, 33 slices of dried pollacks and 17 sea mussel meats. So sulfites must be use commonly to prevent black spot and preserve for many dried shrimps, filefishes meats, dried squids etc. According to results, the quality test for the imported dried marine products must be reinforced to supply safety food for the citizens.

A total of 136 coliform bacteria isolated from spring water (112 strains) and ground water (24 strains), submitted to Seoul Health and Environmental Research Institute from June to July in 1997, were characterized biochemically and microbiologically. Colonical characteristics of each isolate were also noted, including color and texture on EMB agar. Among the 136 isolates, 50.7% were greenish metallic sheen color, 44.2% were pink and 5.1% were violet. The sixty four percent were smooth, 34.6% were mucoid and 0.7%. were rough. Twenty three bacterial species were identified by IMViC and API 20E test. Among the 136 coliform bacteria known to species, 39 isolates (28.6%) were Escherichia spp., 32 isolates (23.5%) were Klebsiella ssp., 30 isolates (22.1%) were Enterobacter spp., 19 isolates (14.0%) were Serratia spp., 6 isolates (4.4%) were Citrobacter spp., 4 isolates (3.0%) were Kluyuera spp. and 7 isolates (5.1%) were other bacterial species. Strains, which were gas-positive in lactose broth but gas-negative in Kligler Iron Agar were Ent. intermedium, Ser. liquefaciens, Ser. marcescenes and Salmonella arizoae. Strains, which were H2S production were also Kleb. pneumoniae, Kleb. oxytoca, Kleb. ornithinolytica, Ent. sakazakii, Ent. cloacae, Ser. liquefaciens, Ser. ficaria, Cit. freundii and Sal. arizoae. In the present study, most of coliform isolated from spring and ground water were E. coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. Since coliform with pink colony in EMB agar was isolated as frequent as coliform with greenish metallic sheen colony, coliform with pink colony should be considered as important colony. Our results suggested that new coliform strains may be emerging on the basis of biochemical and microbiological testes.

In order to investigate the species, serobiological characteristics and antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas spp, we isolated Pseudomonas spp from 57 spring waters around Seoul area for spring, summer and autumn and identified Pseudomonas spp by biochemical characteristics and serological method. And also we tested the antibiotic sensitivity test by discdiffusion method. Of 57 spring waters tested, Pseudomonas spp were isolated from 33 spring waters(57.9%). Isolation rate of Pseudomonas spp in spring season was 28.1%, summer 21.1% and autumn 28.1%. Only 1 spring water was detected Pseudomonas spp in all seasons and 9 (15. 8%) were detected for 2 seasons and 13 (22.8%) were for only 1 season. Isolation rate of Pseudomonas spp at Mt. Cheonggye was 50% and followed by Mt. Bookhan 35.7%, Mt. Daemo 33.3%, Mt. Dobong 29.6%, Mt. Surak 25.9%, Mt. Woomyun 22.2% and Mt. Bulam 7.4%. Of 44 Pseudomonas spp, 22 strains (50%) were identified by Ps. putida, Ps. aeruginosa, Ps. tluorescens and Ps. mendocina were identified 6 strains (13.6%), respectively. 4 strains (9.1%) were identified by Ps. aureofaciens. Of 6 Ps. aieruginosa, serotype A was 2 strains, B, E, G, and K was 1 strain, respectively. Of 44 Pseudomonas spp, resistance rate to amoxicillin was 90.9% and followed by chloramphenicol 84.1%, tetracycline 84.1%, carbenicillin 81.8%, nalidixic acid 68.2%, neomycin 38.6%, streptomycin 31.8%, gentamicin 4.6%, kanamycin 4.6% and colistin 2.3%. Ps. aseruginosa was more sensitive to carbenicillin than other Pseudomonas spp isolated from spring waters in Seoul area but more resistant to kanamycin, and Ps. aureofaciens was no resistant to streptomycin. Among multiple drug resistance, resistance to 5 drugs was 31.8%, 4 drugs 15.9%, 7 drugs 13.6%, 1 drug and 2 drugs 4.6%, and 8 drugs 2.3%, respectively. The multiple resistance patterns detected highestly were NA-CB-C-TE-AMC (18.2%), NA-CB-N-C-TE-AMC (13.6%), CB-C-TE-AMC (11.4%) and NA-CB-N-C-TE-AMC-S (9.1%).

Background:The study was conducted to investigate the distributions of faecal bacteria in commercial oriental medicine herb products.Methods and Results:A survey was conducted on the microbial contamination levels and antimicrobial specificity of Bacillus cereus and other microbes using 106 oriental medicine herb products on sale in Seoul. Pouring and isolation methods such as standard plate counts were used to identify the bacteria. The isolated bacterias included coliforms, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp.were identified by using gram staining and an API (analytical profile index) kit. Antimicrobial drugs discs were determined by CLSI (clinical and laboratory standards institute).Conclusions:The bacterial isolates present in the herbal medicines included 98 coliforms, 45 Bacillus spp., 29 Enterococcus spp., and 2 Listeria spp. Among these, there were nine Bacillus cereus strains, one Enterococcus faecium strain, and one Enterococcus faecalis strain present. The 9 Bacillus cereus strains were tested for susceptibility to 36 types of antibiotics products by the disc diffusion method. The strains showed resistance to 13 of these antibiotic products and semi-resistance to 5 antibiotic products. On the basis of these results, any oriental medicine herb product can be assumed to be contain resistant or semi-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, we suggest prescribing guidelines and special management for the use of antibiotics in farms producing oriental medicine herb products.