Heat is generated from decomposition of wastes as a result of chemical and biological processes in aerated landfills. The purpose of this study was to assess temperature and predict its variations in an aerated landfill. In the phase of aeration, temperature was increased slightly from 30 to 34oC until 65 days and then increased significantly from 34 to 74oC by termination of aeration. It indicates that the amount of oxygen supplied in the starting phase of aeration was insufficient to decompose organic carbon because oxygen supplied in the landfill was only consumed for methane oxidation. Additionally, to minimize the risk of self-ignition, drying and process inhibition, aerated landfills should be operated in a temperature range of 54 ~ 66oC through cooling by water addition and terminating or excessive oxygen supply. In this study, a stoichiometric modeling approach considering methane oxidation and decomposition of organic carbon has been suggested for predicting temperature variations in aerated landfills. As a result, the predicted temperature variations obtained the stoichiometric modeling led to similar results compared with measured temperature in aerated landfill. Therefore, it showed that the stoichiometric approach was appropriate for predicting temperature variation in aerated landfills. In addition, heat generation rates for methane oxidation and decomposition of organic carbon were 89.5 and 387.8 MJ/m3·yr, respectively.

Generator’s direct weighing method was applied for investigation of household waste generation. At least 28 days, eachhousehold member measured and recorded the weight of garbage discharged with plastic garbage bag, food waste, andrecyclable waste. Collected garbage record books were used as input data in Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis weredone with Minitab 16 software. By generator’s direct weighing method for household waste generation, garbage dischargedby plastic bag, food waste, and recyclable waste were 130.5, 98.2, and 187.9g/capita/day, respectively. Difference inaverages of per capita garbage discharge between Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon, and Chungbuk were no statisticallysignificant. And as the number of house member decrease, per capita garbage discharge increase numerically, but therewas no statistically significant.

In this study, to understand the current status of solid waste management in China, the author presented generationand treatment status of municipal solid waste in China, and the composition of municipal solid waste in the SouthernChina. Also following important definition and control measures for solid waste management in China were reviewed.(1) The definition of solid waste, (2) Solid waste identification guide, (3) Leaching test for the determination of hazardouswaste, (4) Standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste, (5) Municipal solid waste landfillharmless evaluation criteria, and (6) Twelve Five national municipal solid waste treatment facilities construction plan.

Anaerobically treated food wastewater still contains high concentration of organic carbon and nitrogen. Consequently,subsequent treatments are needed to meet the effluent criteria of wastewater. Injection of treated food wastewater into awaste landfill body could be one alternative for its subsequent treatment. In this study, preliminary experiments wereconducted to inject treated food wastewater into waste landfill body. Firstly, Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) testwas conducted to evaluate the methane generation potential of the injected food wastewater. Secondly, anaerobicallytreated food wastewater showed clogging problem during the initial stage of laboratory scale lysimeter injectionexperiment. Accordingly, pretreatments were needed, and we experimented the change of viscosity of the wastewater afterchemical injection (1N acid or base solution) or aeration of wastewater. From the results, BMP for the treated foodwastewater showed 373.8mL CH4/g VS, which was 53% of untreated food wastewater’s. Practically feasible solution toreduce the viscosity of treated food wastewater was 1 day aeration before injection into the waste landfill body.

In this study, waste landfill site was used as a bioreactor landfill for the treatment of anaerobically digested foodwastewater, and a basic study on waste landfill injection of anaerobically digested food wastewater was conducted. To studythe effect of different operating condition on the quality of lysimeter leachate, 3 lysimeters were operated at differentcondition (i.e., Lys 1=no recirculation, Lys 2=leachate recirculation, Lys 3=leachate recirculation after one day aeration),and the results of leachate quality were as followings. pH Level of leachate became similar to the digested food wastewaterafter 63 days of operation(equivalent to the 11.2% of bed volume) and Cl- concentration of leachate was higher than injectedfood wastewater during whole 6 months of operation period. Leachate COD showed stable values after 70 days of operation,and reduction rate of COD concentration after 6 months was 86%, 89, and 90% for Lys 1, Lys 2, and Lys 3, respectively.The reduction rates of TKN concentration were 19, 28, and 65% for Lys 1, Lys 2, and Lys 3. Lys 3 showed the mosteffective TKN reduction. Leachate recirculation after one day aeration resulted effective reduction of cumulative COD andTKN mass, which were 61% and 40% respectively, compared to the no recirculation case.

유기성 폐기물 중 음식물 쓰레기는 생활폐기물 중 가장 많은 양을 차지하고 있다. 환경부 자료에 따르면 2011년 전국의 음식물 쓰레기 발생량은 하루 평균 1만 3671톤에 이르러 생활폐기물 중 점유율이 27.8%에 달한다. 2006년 발효된 런던협약에 따라 음식물 폐수의 해양배출 금지가 2013년부터 본격 시행됨에 따라 음식물 폐기물 처리과정에서 발생하는 폐수의 처리는 현재 전국적인 환경문제로 대두되고 있어 해양배출을 대체할 수 있는 효과적인 육상처리방법에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 매립지를 하나의 “생물학적 반응조” 로 생각하는 “Bioreactor Landfill” 은 매립장 내에 침출수 재순환을 통해 추가적인 수분을 공급하고 생물학적 반응을 촉진시켜 조기안정화 및 침출수 수질 향상 등의 효과를 얻을 수 있어 Bioreactor Landfill을 혐기성 처리된 음식물 폐기물 폐수의 처리 방법으로서 고려할 수 있다. 본 연구는 혐기성 처리된 음식물폐기물 폐수를 실험실 규모의 모의매립조에 운전조건을 달리하여 주입하고(Lys 1 = 재순환 안함, Lys 2 = 침출수 재순환, Lys 3 = 1 day 질산화 후 침출수 재순환), 조건에 따른 침출수 특성을 파악하여 처리효과를 평가하였다. 이를 통해 혐기성 폐액의 폐기물 매립지 내 주입 처리시 발생하는 침출수의 효과적인 처리방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 발생한 침출수는 CODCr, TKN, Cl-, pH 등을 분석하였다. 인공강우(증류수)를 주입한 Lys 4와 혐기성 처리된 음식물 폐기물 폐수를 주입한 Lys 1의 침출수를 비교하면 84 day 운전 후 누적 CODCr 배출량에서 각각 0.24kg, 0.32kg을 나타내어 소화액 주입 시 34.6%의 증가율을 나타내었고 누적 TKN 배출량에서는 각각 0.0013kg, 0.024kg, 누적 염소이온 배출량에서는 각각 0.01 kg, 0.034 kg로 크게 증가하였다. 이는 소화액 자체가 높은 CODCr, TKN, 염소이온 농도를 지니고 있어 모의매립조 주입 시 침출수 내 농도를 증가시킨 것으로 판단된다. 모의매립조 운전조건을 달리한 Lys 1, 2, 3의 침출수를 비교하면 다음과 같다. 159 day 운전 후 누적 CODCr 배출량에서는 Lys 1, 2, 3이 각각 0.344 kg, 0.189 kg, 0.129 kg로 침출수 재순환 없이 운전한 Lys 1보다 재순환을 실시한 Lys 2, 3이 45%, 63% 감소된 배출량을 나타내었다. 누적 TKN 배출량에서는 Lys 1이 0.032kg, Lys 2, 3이 각각 0.023 kg, 0.019 kg으로 침출수 재순환 없이 운전한 Lys 1보다 재순환을 실시한 Lys 2, 3이 27%, 40% 감소된 배출량을 나타내었다. 누적 염소이온 배출량에서는 Lys 1이 0.05kg을 나타내었고, Lys 2와 Lys 3은 각각 0.044 kg, 0.042 kg으로 13%, 16% 감소된 배출량을 나타내었다. Lys 1, 2, 3, 4 침출수 특성을 살펴본 결과 혐기성 처리된 음식물 폐기물 폐수를 폐기물 매립지에 주입하면 침출수 중의 CODCr, TKN, 염소이온 배출량이 농도가 증가하였으나, 하루 동안 침출수를 질산화시킨 후 재순환하는 것이 재순환을 실시하지 않은 경우 보다 CODCr, TKN 배출량이 63%, 40% 감소하여 침출수 관리 측면에서 효과적이었다.

In order to accelerate the biodegradation of easily organic materials in landfilled waste before excavating a closed solid waste landfill and prevent to be dried the landfilled wastes at the same time, this study has suggested the Dual Step Biostabilization System (DSBS), which could inject air with dry fog into its body. In addition, the applicability of the DSBS was estimated by means of field test at a closed landfill. As a result of field test, the reduction of oxygen consumption rate for landfilled wastes (48%) stabilized by air with dry fog was higher than that of landfilled wastes (38%) stabilized by only air. Three lysimeter experiments were, also, performed for the landfilled wastes sampled from the closed landfill. The production of cumulative carbon dioxide for landfilled wastes stabilized by air with dry fog was estimated to be highest (1,144.8 mL). In case of lysimeter that moisture was not introduced was found to be 1,051.9 mL, while another lysimeter that moisture was introduced through horizental trenches was 1,095.8 mL. It is clear that the DSBS can accelerate the biodegradation of organic compounds. In terms of volatile solids, the reduction amount of volatile solids for air with dry fog was higher than that of the other conditions.

The objective of this research was to suggest the estimation method of air injection quantity for pre-stabilization of landfilled wastes in a sustainable landfill. A study on the determination of oxygen demand quantity of landfilled wastes, therefore, was conducted in two different experiments. Firstly, a batch test was performed in order to measure the oxygen quantity required to oxidize easily degradable organic matter under aerobic conditions. Secondly, a lysimeter experiment was carried out to assess the air injection period according to moisture content (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) and to validate the oxygen demand quantity obtained by the batch test. This study assumed that landfilled wastes contain two different organic matters and two matters are sequentially utilized by microorganism. The first one provides the faster oxygen uptake rate that called the “easily degradable organics”. During the second phase of the aerobic decomposition, the other one provides the slower oxygen uptake rate that called the “moderately degradable organics”. Also, in this study, a modified logistic equation divided two terms (fractions of easily degradable organic and moderately degradable organic) was suggested to determine the oxygen demand quantity for easily degradable organic of landfilled solid waste. As a result, the oxygen demand quantity obtained by the batch test led to similar results compared with that of lysimeter experiment. Therefore, it showed that the modified logistic equation and batch test were appropriate for determination of oxygen demand quantity for decomposition of easily degradable organic matter. Also, air injection period for decomposition of easily degradable organic decreased with the increase of moisture content.

In this study, we evaluated the applicability of upflow percolation test of European Standard as one of waste landfill stabilization index. Landfilled waste samples were taken from an old uncontrolled waste landfill site before and after 1 month aerobic treatment. Diameter of 10 cm and height of 30 cm column was filled with landfilled waste sample, and the column was saturated with deionized water for three days to reach equilibrium. And then upflow leachant was flowed by peristaltic pump with a linear velocity of 15 cm/day. Given schedule of sampling times leachate was sampled several times, and pH, COD, NH4-N, and Cl− of leachate were analysed. At the same time AT4 test, which is test for aerobic biochemical stabilization index, was performed. Upflow percolation test and AT4 test for landfilled waste samples before and after aerobic treatment showed significant statistical difference of results. From the results, upflow percolation test might be used as an complementary waste landfill stabilization index with AT4 test, and database of landfilled waste sample with different landfill ages should be accumulated to setup the proper waste landfill stabilization index.

Photogrammetry technique was applied to estimate the amount of recyclable waste paper from an apartment complex. Photos were taken to calculate pile volume of waste paper, and at the same time the weight of separated recyclable waste paper was measured. Volume of waste paper was calculated by PhotoModeler 2012, which is commercial photogrammetry software. At least three photos were required to calculate the volume of waste paper pile. After 4 times of field measurement and volume calculation, we obtained standard density of recyclable waste paper pile. The weight of waste paper pile was estimated by multiplying the density of waste paper pile by the estimated volume of waste paper pile. As results, the density of recyclable waste paper pile from an apartment complex was 32.6 kg/m3 (standard deviation was 10.1 kg/m3), and 70.2% of man·hour was saved by using photogrammetry technique. The amount of average recyclable waste paper generation from apartment complex was 91.8 g/capita/day, and the standard deviation was 12.4 g/capita/day.

In this study, anaerobic digestion tests for municipal solid wastes were performed in order to estimate their methane production rates. To simulate methane production rate, the first derivatives of the sigmoidal equations were calculated. The sigmoidal equations used were Gompertz and Logistic equations. Also, diauxic growth was employed to simulate methane production rate from municipal solid wastes. The equations were fitted to simulate methane production rate by nonlinear regression with a Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm. This is a statistical analysing methodology to minimize the sum of the squares of the differences between the predicted and measured values. Data fittings obtained by using the equations were compared statistically by using the RMSE (Root mean square error) and AIC (Akaike's information criterion). The equations derived from sigmoidal equations successfully described methane production rate for municipal solid wastes. RMSE and AIC were decreased significantly for the equations considering diauxic growth, compared to the equations without diauxic growth. These results showed that the equations derived from sigmoidal equations with diauxic growth can be a useful tool to simulate methane production rate for municipal solid wastes.