본 논문은 미국교정에 있어서 수용자인권의 신장과정과 제한적 조치의 내용 을 대표성있는 대법원판례를 중심으로 1960년대 이후부터 시대순으로 정리하고 그 사회적 배경을 기술한다. 또한 수용자소송과 관련된 수정헌법 조문을 기준으 로 각 권리영역에 속하는 소송결과를 나열함으로써 수용자의 권리가 신장되는 과정에서도 수용자권리보호와 시설의 안전과 질서유지 사이에 일정한 균형이 시도되고 있음을 보여준다. 끝으로, 미국과 우리나라에서 공통적으로 발견되는 정치사회적 분위기에 크게 영향을 받는 수용자인권정책이 그 한계를 벗어나 보 다 근본적인 접근이 필요함을 제시한다.

세간을 긴장시키는 흉악범죄와 호기심을 자극하는 신종사건의 발생, 이어 등장하는 언론매체의 ‘여론몰이’, 소위 전문인들의 무책임한 ‘범죄학 만들기’, 그리고 즉흥적인 ‘대책 짜깁기’ 등으로 이어지는 일련의 뿌리가 없는 범죄공학에는 철학적 사유나 예술적 가치가 개입될 여지가 존재하지 않는다. 또한 인간 모두가 체험하는 보편적인 삶의 형태 - 예컨대, 삶과 죽음, 자유와 속박 - 보다는 특수상황으로서 강제적 형별집행 - 예컨대, 구금, 징벌, 사형 - 이 중심이 되는 교정패러다임에서는 폐쇄성, 피동성, 안일성의 틀을 탈피하기 어렵다. 동시에 검증되지 않은 미시적 통계놀이가 학문적 중심으로 착각되고 시설내 사고방지가 효율적 관리의 목표가 되는 문화풍토에서는 형이상학적 사고놀이로 치부될 수 있는 소위 ‘철학적 범죄학’이나 ‘인문학적 교정학’은 영원한 노스텔지어적 이상향으로 남을 수밖에 없다. 따라서 기존 교정학의 전제와 실천적 규범이 더 이상 현실적으로 정당화되지 않는다는 비판을 통해 새로운 패러다임으로의 변증법적 논리형성과정을 거쳐야 한다. 구체적인 목표는 교정학의 비규범학화이며, 그 방법론으로 인문학적 접근이 제시될 수 있다. 인문학적 접근의 핵심적 내용은 철학적 사유, 영성적 추구, 예술적 가치의 지향을 통해 추론될 수 있을 것이다. 본질적인 인간의 생존과 삶의 향유 속에서 보편적이고 숙명적으로 체험하는 시간과 공간을 범죄학과 교정학의 출발점으로 삼아야 한다.

One of the issues that has influenced correctional policy since the 1970s has been the evaluation of the outcome of correctional treatment programs. While the public supports the concept of rehabilitation and correctional officials value them as effective means of changing inmates, there should at least exist an expectation that those programs will reduce recidivism. The ‘nothing works doctrine’, derived from Martinson's article, contributed in the disappearance of expectation and faith for correctional treatment programs. The reasons why Martinson's article of 'nothing works' have been so influential to academic as well as societal and political areas are explained in various respects: social and political climates of the 1960s-1970s characterized by anti-war moods, racial problems, poverty issues, and women's liberation, the changes of middle-class & liberal criminologists' attitudes towards crime and crime control, the politicization of crime problems, the domination of sociological approaches in criminology, and the lack of knowledge and skills in crime predictions by academics. In the US, rehabilitation as a correctional ideology had been retreating since early 1970s and almost disappeared in the mid 1980s as a goal of punishment, indicating that the retribution paradigm had returned. It is persuasive that such shifts resulted from political and societal reactions of conservatives and liberals toward crime, and are shown in correctional areas. In this context, some scholars has said that the society must move beyond the naivete and exuberance that marked the advocacy of rehabilitation in the 1950s and early 1960s and beyond the cynicism and pessimism that has reigned for much of the last three decades.(Palmer, 1992) This notion has received widespread support. New evaluation studies, including meta-analyses done after Martinson's article in 1974, indicate that correctional treatment programs could be effective in reducing criminal recidivism. And they have demonstrated that juvenile correctional intervention is more effective than intervention programs designed for adults. It has been known that behavioral/cognitive treatment, on average, produces larger effects than other treatment. Intensive, in-prison drug treatment is effective, especially when combined with community aftercare. Education, vocational training, and prison labor programs have modest effects on reducing criminal recidivism and increase positive behavior in prison. Evidence on sex offender treatment intervention program is less positive, probably because the target population is heterogeneous and treatment needs to be tailored to specific offender deficits.(Gaes et al., 1999) The results of meta-analyses seem to show that the programs for probationers or juvenile offenders with community aftercare are inclined to be more effective. There have been major theoretical and methodological advances in the juvenile and adult correctional treatment literature since Martinson's assessment study. Expecially, adaptation of the psychological learning model and meta-analysis as a statistical technique to criminology and corrections have been known to contribute in formulating principles for successful treatment programs though those principles need further clarification and empirical assessment. The following are suggested as principles of successful correctional treatment: linkage with criminogenic needs, multimodal programs for various deficits, matching client learning styles with staff teaching styles, treatment based on risk differentiation, providing skills oriented to cognitive-behavioral treatment, implementing programs with continuity of care and sufficient dosage, and involvement in both program development and evaluation by researchers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among narcissism, self-esteem, and aggressiveness of the juvenile convicts incarcerated in a correctional institution. From the results of the study, we expected to obtain basic information and data needed in developing correctional educational programs to reduce their recidivism. The survey research was done on a population of 189 juvenile offenders incarcerated in a juvenile prison. The study utilized the t-test, correlation analysis and regression analysis as major statistical techniques. The study examined the following research questions: 1. What are the relationships among narcissism, self esteem, and aggressiveness of these juvenile convicts? 2. What are the impacts of narcissism and self esteem on their aggressiveness? According to the findings of correlation analysis, the juvenile convicts' narcissism was found to be significantly associated with their aggressiveness. The findings of regression analysis showed that such variables as the juvenile convicts' narcissism, self-esteem, and the relationships with their parents play a significant role in determining their aggressiveness. The study suggests that we should make more efforts in developing correctional educational program for juvenile convicts, so they can develop a healthy personality.

Postmodern criminology is based upon the belief that past criminological approaches have failed to realistically assess the true causes of crime and have therefore failed offer workable solutions for crime control or if they have, that such theories and solutions may have been appropriate at one time but no longer apply to the postmodern era. It challenges and debunks existing perspectives on crime and crime control. Upon such assumptions, the article examines how we conceive of penal policy or prison in contrast to how it is conventionally understood, and outlines what an alternative direction might look like. It introduces peacemaking criminology, constitutive criminology and restorative justice for the development of a new “replacement discourse”. Peacemaking criminology holds that crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime. The main purpose of criminology is to promote a peaceful, just society rather than standing on empirical analysis of data, by drawing its inspiration from religious and philosophical teachings. Constitutive criminology builds on the belief that crime and its control cannot be separated from the totality of the structural and cultural contexts in which it is produced. Given this interrelated nature of social structure and human agents and their social and cultural productions in the coproduction of crime, it trys to promote a just policy of reconstruction through replacement discourse which is directed toward the dual process of deconstructing prevailing structures of meaning and displacing them with new conceptions, which convey alternative meaning. Restorative justice has been practiced as an alternative to existing justice system beyond philosophical teaching or religious ideology in various countries. It seeks to attain a balance between the legitimate needs of the community, the offender, and the victim. The healing of all parties involves many aspects, ranging from victim assistance initiatives to legislation supporting victim's compensation. It follows such guidelines that community are victims, we use punishment to pay back the community, we combine punishment with help, and we give community a voice in shaping restorative sanctions.

Boot camp programs, frequently called "shock incarceration" programs, appeared in the early eighties as an alternative to traditional correctional programs. Offenders in these programs spend a relatively short period of time in a quasi-military program involving physical training, drill, manual labor, and strict discipline. Since 1983, 49 boot camp prisons have been opened in 33 State correctional jurisdictions, in addition to many programs developed and being considered in cities and counties, and for juveniles. The past decade has witnessed considerable interest in the concept of boot camps as a potentially effective intermediate sanction for certain types of Offenders. The research findings indicate that boot camps may be a useful alternative sanction to keep first offenders from offending again over the short terms, but that the long-term effects on recidivism or reduction of cost and prison crowding have not yet been determined. There is growing evidence that cost savings can be achieved if boot camps are used as an alternative to confinement. Because shock incarceration programs confine offenders for relatively short periods (3-6months), they may not be able to prepare the participants fully for readjustment to the community. More follow-up for participants in terms of aftercare services - employment assistance, drug treatment, etc - may, therefore, be an essential aspect of successful programs. Although boot camp programs are expected to remain popular for now, it is not known if growth can be sustained. Among the factors affecting such growth are political and popular interest, success in achieving program goals, and legal issues associated with the selection of program participants.

국제 공통평가기준(CC)은 정보보호제품의 개발. 평가. 사용을 위한 ISO 15048 국제 표준이다. 국제 공통평가기준의 제 2 부 보안기능 요구사항은 정보보호제품의 보안 기능을 11개 클래스로 분류하였고, 13개국 인증제품 상호승인 협정(MRA)에 의하여 교차 사용이 가능한 평가된 보안제품을 해설할 수 있는 공통 언어로써 사용할 수 있다. 보호프로파일(PP)은 특정형태의 제품군이 지녀야 할 보안 목적을 사용자 그룹에서 요구한 명세서이다. 보호프로파일은