This study was conducted to identify the distribution characteristics of the impervious area in urban watersheds and to reduce the deviation of the impervious area ratio that occurs depending on the degree of construction of land surface condition data. The average impervious area ratio by land use that can be applied to the calculation of the urban impervious area ratio was derived by statistically analyzing the distribution characteristics of the impervious area ratio by land use according to the urban watershed conditions. In urban watersheds, the change in impervious area ratio over the past 20 years has continuously increased in watersheds with an impervious area ratio of less than 60%, and decreased in watersheds with a high impervious area ratio of 60% or more. The average impervious area ratio by land use applicable to the land use technique is “Residential area” 84.0%, “Residential and commercial mix” 93.6%, “Commercial and business facilities” 89.8%, “Industrial land” 84.8%, “Public land” 47.3%, “Transportation facility” 93.3%, “Urban revitalization facility” 61.1%, “Bare land” 17.6%, “Special area” 11.4%, “Forest and open space” 3.5%, “Rivers and lakes” 9.2%. As a result of examining the adequacy of the average impervious area ratio by land use, the difference between the calculated value of the impervious area ratio using land use techniques and the actual impervious area ratio of the biotope map ranged from -3.0%p to 2.6%p at the significance level of 95%. In addition, when the watershed condition is applied, the difference ranged from -2.3%p to 1.7%p. By applying the average impervious area ratio by land use derived in this study, it was found that the impervious area ratio of the target urban watershed could be calculated within a deviation of ±3%p.

When evaluating the extent of the impact of water pollutants on the surrounding area, we would like to present the target level (proposal) of the quality of the environment, which is the standard for evaluation. We propose the environmental quality target level for substances that need to be applied domestically by investigating overseas cases operating the integrated environmental management system and the implications of domestic environmental pollutant management. The appropriateness of the environmental quality target level reviewed in this study was determined using data from the water quality measuring network, and future improvement measures were proposed. We review the available methodologies for setting quality objectives for the environment. It proposed the environmental quality target level for 21 substances that have domestic water pollutant emission standards and do not have environmental standards, and proposed future improvement measures. If it is necessary to add quality target-level items of the environment in the future, it is believed that expansion will be possible based on the methodology presented in this study.

Heatwaves are one of the most common phenomena originating from changes in the urban thermal environment. They are caused mainly by the evapotranspiration decrease of surface impermeable areas from increases in temperature and reflected heat, leading to a dry urban environment that can deteriorate aspects of everyday life. This study aimed to calculate daily maximum ground surface temperature affecting heatwaves, to quantify the effects of urban thermal environment control through water cycle restoration while validating its feasibility. The maximum surface temperature regression equation according to the impermeable area ratios of urban land cover types was derived. The estimated values from daily maximum ground surface temperature regression equation were compared with actual measured values to validate the calculation method’s feasibility. The land cover classification and derivation of specific parameters were conducted by classifying land cover into buildings, roads, rivers, and lands. Detailed parameters were classified by the river area ratio, land impermeable area ratio, and green area ratio of each land-cover type, with the exception of the rivers, to derive the maximum surface temperature regression equation of each land cover type. The regression equation feasibility assessment showed that the estimated maximum surface temperature values were within the level of significance. The maximum surface temperature decreased by 0.0450˚C when the green area ratio increased by 1% and increased by 0.0321˚C when the impermeable area ratio increased by 1%. It was determined that the surface reduction effect through increases in the green area ratio was 29% higher than the increasing effect of surface temperature due to the impermeable land ratio.

Identifying the water circulation status is one of the indispensable processes for watershed management in an urban area. Recently, various water circulation models have been developed to simulate the water circulation, but it takes a lot of time and cost to make a water circulation model that could adapt the characteristics of the watershed. This paper aims to develop a water circulation state estimation model that could easily calculate the status of water circulation in an urban watershed by using multiple linear regression analysis. The study watershed is a watershed in Seoul that applied the impermeable area ratio in 1962 and 2000. And, It was divided into 73 watersheds in order to consider changes in water circulation status according to the urban characteristic factors. The input data of the SHER(Similar Hydrologic Element Response) model, a water circulation model, were used as data for the urban characteristic factors of each watershed. A total of seven factors were considered as urban characteristic factors. Those factors included annual precipitation, watershed area, average land-surface slope, impervious surface ratio, coefficient of saturated permeability, hydraulic gradient of groundwater surface, and length of contact line with downstream block. With significance probabilities (or p-values) of 0.05 and below, all five models showed significant results in estimating the water circulation status such as the surface runoff rate and the evapotranspiration rate. The model that was applied all seven urban characteristics factors, can calculate the most similar results such as the existing water circulation model. The water circulation estimation model developed in this study is not only useful to simply estimate the water circulation status of ungauged watersheds but can also provide data for parameter calibration and validation.

이 연구는 학교 밖 청소년들의 학업 중단 과정과 학교 밖 청소년지원센터 참여 경험에 대한 의미를 살펴보고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 학업 중단 후 학교 밖 청소년지원센터를 이용하였던 청소년 6명을 대상으로 심층면접을 실시하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 연구에 참여한 청소년들의 학업 중단 계기는 주로 학교 관련 요인과 가정 및 개인 관련 요인을 들 수 있었다. 이들의 학업 중단 이후 경험은 계획 없이 막연한 시간을 보내는 생활을 하거나, 학업 계획을 세웠지만 실천하는데 어려움을 겪고 있음을 보였다. 일부 청소년들은 학교를 그만 둔 후 가족 구성원들과 부정적인 관계가 형성되거나 갈등이 심화되는 경험을 하였다. 하지만, 일부 참가자들은 지속적으로 가족 구성원의 심리적 지지를 얻게 되는데 이 경우에는 자신의 처지에 대해 다시 되돌아보는 시간을 가지며, 긍정적인 진로 전망을 갖게 되었다. 학교 밖 청소년지원센터에 대한 정보는 주변 지인이나 친구를 통해 얻거나 적극적으로 검색 후 얻고 있었다. 지인으로부터 정보를 얻은 청소년의 초기 경험은 부정적 선입견이나 자신에 대한 정보 노출을 꺼려 방문을 기피하지만 일단 방문 후에 호감을 갖고 센터 이용을 지속함을 알 수 있었다. 적극적으로 정보를 찾아 센터를 방문한 청소년들의 경우 바로 프로그램 참가를 결심하고 있었다. 이들은 학교 밖 청소년지원센터 프로그램 중 고졸 자격 취득을 위한 검정고시 준비 과정에서 센터 선생님들로부터 칭찬과 격려를 받으며 도전의 의지를 키우게 된다. 그리고 문화체험이나 캠프 등 활동 참여 과정에서 또래 유대를 형성하기도 하는 등 심리적 지원 및 사회적 지지를 얻게 됨을 알 수 있었다. 나아가 검정고시를 준비하는 것 외에도 다양한 체험을 통하여 자신의 관심 분야에 대한 탐색을 함으로써 진로 계획 수립에도 도움을 얻고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 한국 작업치료사의 주요 업무에 대하여 법률적 근거를 바탕으로 명확하게 정의하고, 작업치료사의 업무범위에 대해 임상에서 참고할 수 있도록 안내 지침을 제시하고자 하였다. 작업치료 업무범위에 대한 명확한 정의를 위해 의료기사 등에 관한 법률을 바탕으로 관련 자료 및 문헌 고찰을 통해 실제 수행하고 있는 업무행위를 제시하고자 하였다. 작업치료사는 신체적ㆍ정신적 기능장애를 가진 대상자를 원활하게 회복시키기 위한 목적이자 수단으로 일상에서 사용하는 물체나 기구를 활용할 수 있다. 작업치료사의 고유 업무는 개인에게 필요한 작업적 역량과 의지에 따라 삶에 참여하고 독립적인 삶을 살아갈 수 있도록 도움을 주는 것이다. 작업치료사가 수행하는 업무 내용에는 감각훈련, 활동훈련, 작업적 일상생활훈련, 인지재활치료, 삼킴장애재활치료, 상지보조기 제작 및 훈련, 작업수행분석 및 평가, 그 밖 의 작업요법적 훈련ㆍ치료를 포함하고 있다. 개정된 작업치료사의 업무범위는 향후 보험수가 개발에도 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 생각되며 국민을 향한 작업치료 정책에도 긍정적인 변화를 가져올 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Water cycle within the human civilization has become important with urbanization. To date, water cycle in the eco-system has been the focus in identifying the degree of water cycle in cities, but in practicality, water cycle within the human civilization system is taking on an increasing importance. While in recent years plans to reuse water have been implemented to restore water cycle in cities, the effect that such reuse has on the entire water cycle system has not been analyzed. The analysis on the effect that water reuse has on urban areas needs to be go beyond measuring the cost-savings and look at the changes brought about in the entire city’s water cycle system. This study uses a SWAT model and water balance analysis to review the effects that water reuse has on changes occurring in the urban water cycle system by linking the water cycle within the eco-system with that within the human civilization system. The SWAT model to calculate the components of water cycle in the human civilization system showed that similar to measured data, the daily changes and accumulative data can be simulated. When the amount of water reuse increases in urban areas, the surface outflow, amount of sewer discharge and the discharged amount from sewage treatment plants decrease, leading to a change in water cycle within our human civilization system. The determinant coefficients for reduced surface outflow amount and reduced sewer discharge were 0.9164 and 0.9892, respectively, while the determinant coefficient for reduced discharge of sewage treatment plants was 0.9988. This indicates that with an increase in water reuse, surface flow, sewage and discharge from sewage treatment plants all saw a linear reduction.

The changes of rainfall pattern and impervious covers have increased disaster risks in urbanized areas. Impervious covers such as roads and building roofs have been dramatically increased. So, it is falling the ability safety of flood defense equipments to exist. Runoff coefficient means ratio of runoff by whole rainfall which is able to directly contribute at surface runoff during rainfall event. The application of accurate runoff coefficients is very important in sewer pipelines design.This study has been performed to estimate runoff characteristics change which are applicable to the process of sewer pipelines design or various public facilities design. It has used the SHER model, a long-term runoff model, to analyze the impact of a rising impervious covers on runoff coefficient change. It thus analyzed the long-term runoff to analyze rainfall basins extraction. Consequently, it was found that impervious surfaces could be a important factor for urban flood control. We could suggest the application of accurate runoff coefficients in accordance to the land Impervious covers. The average increase rates of runoff coefficients increased 0.011 for 1% increase of impervious covers. By having the application of the results, we could improve plans for facilities design.

Since 2011, proficiency test for the air dilution olfactory method started in Korea for the evaluation of the authorized odor inspection agencies’ analysis skill. For this purpose, sulfur compounds of PTMs (proficiency test materials) were made and investigated for the application to the proficiency test as a complex malodor sample. Time stability and homogeneity between samples were analysed for the PTM which was made with 10 ppm of DMS and 10 ppm of DMDS. As the results, the stability of sample concentration with GC analysis was shown around 6%RSD through the time of 6~48 hr. In addition, dilution number during the same test period appeared almost stable, less than 6%RSD in air dilution olfactory method. The reproducibility results of four laboratories showed very similar results except one lab which was caused by the elder panel characteristics.

◉ 목적: 자폐스펙트럼 아동에게 고유수용 감각, 전정감각, 촉각에 기초한 감각통합치료를 적용했을 때 과제 수행 중 나타나는 문제행동에 미치는 효과에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. ◉ 연구방법: 본 연구는 자폐성 장애 남자아동 3명을 대상으로 총 12주 동안 개별사례 실험연구 설계인 A-B-A 방법을 사용하여 실시하였다. 연구기간 동안 각 아동에게 기초선 3회기, 중재 15회기, 재 기초선 3회기를 적용하고 주 2회 30분씩 중재 적용 후 과제 수행 동안 아동의 행동을 관찰하였다. 또한 아동들의 치료 전 후 감각기능 변화의 비교를 위하여 기초선 시작 전과 중재 전 후, 재 기초선이 끝난 후에 각 한번씩 Miller Assessment of Preschooler -행동관찰표(MAP-행동관찰표)와 Degangi -Berk Test of Sensory Integration(TSI)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 회기 별 문제행동 횟수의 변화와 감각기능의 변화는 시각적 그래프를 통하여 제시하였다. ◉ 결과: 감각통합치료 적용 전에 비하여 아동 모두 과제 수행 중 문제행동의 횟수가 크게 감소하였으며 중재 종료 후에도 그 효과가 유지되었다. MAP-행동관찰표의 다양한 행동 영역에서 대부분 긍정적인 변화를 보였고 TSI 점수의 전, 후 비교에서 대상자 A와 B는 총점이 향상되어 정상 기능 수준에 도달하였으나 대상자 C는 점수의 향상은 있었으나 정상 기능 수준에는 미치지 못하였다. ◉ 결론: 자폐스펙트럼장애를가진아동들에게감각통합치료를적용하여과제수행동안의문제행동감소효과를 알아본 결과, 연구에 참여한 대상자 모두 문제행동감소 뿐만 아니라 감각기능에서도 긍정적인 변화를 보였다. 향후 과제 수행뿐만 아니라 일상생활이나 지각 및 학습 능력에도 감각통합치료의 효과에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

수형자들은 수용생활 동안 우울, 불안, 분노, 두려움, 소외감, 무력감, 그리고 그리움 등으로 인한 심리적 고통을 겪는다. 대부분의 수형자들은 인생의 중반기에 도달한 사람들로써 정신적 번민과 신앙문제에 대한 상담의 필요성을 절실히 느끼고 있다. 수형자들의 이러한 심리적 고통을 감소시켜 줄 치유 프로그램의 개발은 매우 중요하다. 치유 프로그램인 마음챙김 명상은 고통의 소멸을 목표로 하기 때문에 수형자들의 전인적 안녕을 가져오게 하는데 매우 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있다. 마음챙김 명상은 이완, 노출효과를 통한 둔감화/탈민감화, 탈자동화 /탈습관화, 수용/수용적 자기관찰, 탈동일시/탈중심화/거리두기 등의 치료적 기제를 통하여 수형자들이 자신을 좀더 객관적으로 바라보고, 정신적 번민을 극복 하게 하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 그러므로 마음챙김 명상은 수형자들이 교도소에서 경험했던 심리적 고통을 극복하게 하며, 사회복귀 이후 재범 방지에도 도움을 줄 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among narcissism, self-esteem, and aggressiveness of the juvenile convicts incarcerated in a correctional institution. From the results of the study, we expected to obtain basic information and data needed in developing correctional educational programs to reduce their recidivism. The survey research was done on a population of 189 juvenile offenders incarcerated in a juvenile prison. The study utilized the t-test, correlation analysis and regression analysis as major statistical techniques. The study examined the following research questions: 1. What are the relationships among narcissism, self esteem, and aggressiveness of these juvenile convicts? 2. What are the impacts of narcissism and self esteem on their aggressiveness? According to the findings of correlation analysis, the juvenile convicts' narcissism was found to be significantly associated with their aggressiveness. The findings of regression analysis showed that such variables as the juvenile convicts' narcissism, self-esteem, and the relationships with their parents play a significant role in determining their aggressiveness. The study suggests that we should make more efforts in developing correctional educational program for juvenile convicts, so they can develop a healthy personality.

The purpose of this study is to investigate of the importance of empathy in Corrective Counseling. This study referred to the importance of empathy in Corrective Counseling by clarifying the fact that Juvenile Delinquency is related to Narcissistic Personality Disorder, which originates from the absence of appropriate caring empathy. Narcissistic Personality Disorder is highly correlated to aggression, which can be displayed as juvenile delinquency in adolescents with Narcissistic Personality disorder. Juvenile delinquents commit misconducts as an attempt to compensate their weak and fragile narcissistic personality structure. Juvenile delinquency is an alternative way to overcompensate juvenile delinquents’s lower self-esteem and to recover their damaged self-structure. From the perspective of Kohut’s self-psychology, juvenile delinquents have narcissistic personality disorder with fragile self-structure which is originated from the absence of an appropriate child-rearing. Therefore, during the counseling sessions, the therapist is needed to be a selfobject to strengthen juvenile delinquent’s self-structure. Thus, when the therapist implements corrective counseling for juvenile delinquents, therapists’ empathy is an important element as a selfobject for the client. As a result, this study suggests that it is necessary to actively utilize empathy in corrective counseling for juvenile delinquents. In addition, there is need to develop the program of utilizing empathy for corrective counselor and train corrective counselors to be more empathic to juvenile delinquents.

Toxohormone-L is a lipolytic factor, found in ascites fluid of sarcoma 180-bearing mice and of patients with hepatoma. A substance that inhibited the lipolytic action of toxohormone-L was isolated from white ginseng powder. This substance was an acidic polysaccharides. It inhibited toxohormone-L-induced lipolysis in a dose dependent manner at concentrations higher than 10㎍/㎖.

The integrated permit system is applied to class 1 and 2 atmospheric and water pollutant discharge facilities in 19 sectors. The fertilizer sector should receive a permit for a period of four years, from 2019 to 2023. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between the Korean Best Available Techniques (BAT) reference document (K-BREF) and the European Union BAT reference document (EU-BREF) in terms of the process and emission characteristics of fertilizer manufacture. K-BREF is written by focusing on products, whereas EU-BREF is produced on focusing on manufacture process. There are five types of BATs(best available techniques economically achievable) in Korea. These BATs selected mainly to recover and reuse raw meterials and save energy. The number of BATs and BAT-AELs(BAT associated emission level) in K-BREF is smaller than that in EU-BREF. We suggest that BATs and those environmental management parameters in Korea need to further reflect the emission characteristics in the fertilizer sector.

This study provides an experimental result of thermal mercury reduction and condensation characteristics for inventing a mercury recovery technology from the waste sludge which contains high concentration of mercury. Thermal treatment was conducted in the temperature range of up to 900oC from 600oC with different residence time using a waste sludge from domestic industrial facility. Properties of powder material condensed after thermal treatment were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of thermal processing. Leaching characteristics of bottom ash and condensed powder material were analyzed by Korean Standard Leaching Test method (KSLT). Cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS) Hg analyzer was used for the analysis of mercury content in solid and liquid samples. We found that mercury contents was concentrated compared with waste sludge. However, the mercury concentration of leached solution from the condensed powder material was very low. The chemical characteristics of condensed powder material was estimated using experimental analysis and literature survey. In order to recover purified elemental mercury, the further researches of refining experiments would be required.

지금 세계는 기후변화 영향으로 가뭄과 홍수, 태풍을 비롯한 각종 기상재해 등 자연재해들이 발생하고 있다. 서울시는 지형적으로 재해를 입을 가능성이 큰 특징을 가지고 있으며, 특히 급격한 도시화, 산업화와 최근의 기후변화에 의한 집중호우로 인하여 재해가 빈번히 발생되어 왔고 이때 마다 재발방지를 위한 대책보다 복구위주로 진행된 것이 사실이다. 그러나 재해는 2010년과 2011년 이후에 기후변화 영향으로 과거보다 더욱 커질 것이며, 이로 인한 피해규모도 증가할 것으로 예측되어 재해로 인한 피해를 최소화하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 집중호우로 인하여 도심지에서 내배수 침수피해가 빈번하게 발생하는 문제에 대해 주로 하수관로 및 빗물펌프장이 감당하여 왔으나 설계 빈도를 초과하는 홍수량은 유역에 적정 분담시키고 홍수방어시설을 설치하고 있다. 소유역별로 분산된 홍수방어대책 수립을 통해 주거지가 밀집되어 있는 하류유역 및 저지대 배수시설의 부담을 경감시키고 내수배제 불량 및 침수로 인한 홍수피해 잠재성을 경감시키는 대책을 추진하고 있다. 인명피해와 재산피해를 일으키는 홍수에 대응하고 치수관리를 위한 방안으로 하천제방 및 배수시설, 빗물저류시설 등 시설물을 설치하는 방법인 구조적 대책과 토지이용제도, 홍수위헌지도, 홍수예경보시스템 등과 같은 제도적인 방법인 비구조적 대책을 같이 실시하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기후변화의 재난에 대비한 실질적인 방재 대책과 방안을 제시하기 위해, 기존의 방재 정책과 기후변화의 연계성을 가지면서 적응하기 위한 대책을 제시하고자 한다. 지금까지의 재해로부터 대책을 마련하고 앞으로 점진적으로 재해에 대한 대응책을 수립·추진하여 기후변화에 따른 재해로부터 피해를 최소로 하는 방안이다.