This study was conducted to identify the distribution characteristics of the impervious area in urban watersheds and to reduce the deviation of the impervious area ratio that occurs depending on the degree of construction of land surface condition data. The average impervious area ratio by land use that can be applied to the calculation of the urban impervious area ratio was derived by statistically analyzing the distribution characteristics of the impervious area ratio by land use according to the urban watershed conditions. In urban watersheds, the change in impervious area ratio over the past 20 years has continuously increased in watersheds with an impervious area ratio of less than 60%, and decreased in watersheds with a high impervious area ratio of 60% or more. The average impervious area ratio by land use applicable to the land use technique is “Residential area” 84.0%, “Residential and commercial mix” 93.6%, “Commercial and business facilities” 89.8%, “Industrial land” 84.8%, “Public land” 47.3%, “Transportation facility” 93.3%, “Urban revitalization facility” 61.1%, “Bare land” 17.6%, “Special area” 11.4%, “Forest and open space” 3.5%, “Rivers and lakes” 9.2%. As a result of examining the adequacy of the average impervious area ratio by land use, the difference between the calculated value of the impervious area ratio using land use techniques and the actual impervious area ratio of the biotope map ranged from -3.0%p to 2.6%p at the significance level of 95%. In addition, when the watershed condition is applied, the difference ranged from -2.3%p to 1.7%p. By applying the average impervious area ratio by land use derived in this study, it was found that the impervious area ratio of the target urban watershed could be calculated within a deviation of ±3%p.

Heatwaves are one of the most common phenomena originating from changes in the urban thermal environment. They are caused mainly by the evapotranspiration decrease of surface impermeable areas from increases in temperature and reflected heat, leading to a dry urban environment that can deteriorate aspects of everyday life. This study aimed to calculate daily maximum ground surface temperature affecting heatwaves, to quantify the effects of urban thermal environment control through water cycle restoration while validating its feasibility. The maximum surface temperature regression equation according to the impermeable area ratios of urban land cover types was derived. The estimated values from daily maximum ground surface temperature regression equation were compared with actual measured values to validate the calculation method’s feasibility. The land cover classification and derivation of specific parameters were conducted by classifying land cover into buildings, roads, rivers, and lands. Detailed parameters were classified by the river area ratio, land impermeable area ratio, and green area ratio of each land-cover type, with the exception of the rivers, to derive the maximum surface temperature regression equation of each land cover type. The regression equation feasibility assessment showed that the estimated maximum surface temperature values were within the level of significance. The maximum surface temperature decreased by 0.0450˚C when the green area ratio increased by 1% and increased by 0.0321˚C when the impermeable area ratio increased by 1%. It was determined that the surface reduction effect through increases in the green area ratio was 29% higher than the increasing effect of surface temperature due to the impermeable land ratio.

Identifying the water circulation status is one of the indispensable processes for watershed management in an urban area. Recently, various water circulation models have been developed to simulate the water circulation, but it takes a lot of time and cost to make a water circulation model that could adapt the characteristics of the watershed. This paper aims to develop a water circulation state estimation model that could easily calculate the status of water circulation in an urban watershed by using multiple linear regression analysis. The study watershed is a watershed in Seoul that applied the impermeable area ratio in 1962 and 2000. And, It was divided into 73 watersheds in order to consider changes in water circulation status according to the urban characteristic factors. The input data of the SHER(Similar Hydrologic Element Response) model, a water circulation model, were used as data for the urban characteristic factors of each watershed. A total of seven factors were considered as urban characteristic factors. Those factors included annual precipitation, watershed area, average land-surface slope, impervious surface ratio, coefficient of saturated permeability, hydraulic gradient of groundwater surface, and length of contact line with downstream block. With significance probabilities (or p-values) of 0.05 and below, all five models showed significant results in estimating the water circulation status such as the surface runoff rate and the evapotranspiration rate. The model that was applied all seven urban characteristics factors, can calculate the most similar results such as the existing water circulation model. The water circulation estimation model developed in this study is not only useful to simply estimate the water circulation status of ungauged watersheds but can also provide data for parameter calibration and validation.

Water cycle within the human civilization has become important with urbanization. To date, water cycle in the eco-system has been the focus in identifying the degree of water cycle in cities, but in practicality, water cycle within the human civilization system is taking on an increasing importance. While in recent years plans to reuse water have been implemented to restore water cycle in cities, the effect that such reuse has on the entire water cycle system has not been analyzed. The analysis on the effect that water reuse has on urban areas needs to be go beyond measuring the cost-savings and look at the changes brought about in the entire city’s water cycle system. This study uses a SWAT model and water balance analysis to review the effects that water reuse has on changes occurring in the urban water cycle system by linking the water cycle within the eco-system with that within the human civilization system. The SWAT model to calculate the components of water cycle in the human civilization system showed that similar to measured data, the daily changes and accumulative data can be simulated. When the amount of water reuse increases in urban areas, the surface outflow, amount of sewer discharge and the discharged amount from sewage treatment plants decrease, leading to a change in water cycle within our human civilization system. The determinant coefficients for reduced surface outflow amount and reduced sewer discharge were 0.9164 and 0.9892, respectively, while the determinant coefficient for reduced discharge of sewage treatment plants was 0.9988. This indicates that with an increase in water reuse, surface flow, sewage and discharge from sewage treatment plants all saw a linear reduction.

The changes of rainfall pattern and impervious covers have increased disaster risks in urbanized areas. Impervious covers such as roads and building roofs have been dramatically increased. So, it is falling the ability safety of flood defense equipments to exist. Runoff coefficient means ratio of runoff by whole rainfall which is able to directly contribute at surface runoff during rainfall event. The application of accurate runoff coefficients is very important in sewer pipelines design.This study has been performed to estimate runoff characteristics change which are applicable to the process of sewer pipelines design or various public facilities design. It has used the SHER model, a long-term runoff model, to analyze the impact of a rising impervious covers on runoff coefficient change. It thus analyzed the long-term runoff to analyze rainfall basins extraction. Consequently, it was found that impervious surfaces could be a important factor for urban flood control. We could suggest the application of accurate runoff coefficients in accordance to the land Impervious covers. The average increase rates of runoff coefficients increased 0.011 for 1% increase of impervious covers. By having the application of the results, we could improve plans for facilities design.

An effect of thermal annealing on activating phosphorus (P) atoms in ZnO nanorods (NR) grown using a hydrothermal process was investigated. NH4H2PO4 used as a dopant source reacted with Zn2+ ions and Zn3(PO4)2 sediment was produced in the solution. The fact that most of the input P elements are concentrated in the Zn3(PO4)2 sediment was confirmed using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). After the hydrothermal process, ZnO NRs were synthesized and their PL peaks were exhibited at 405 and 500 nm because P atoms diffused to the ZnO crystal from the Zn3(PO4)2 particles. The solubility of the Zn3(PO4)2 initially formed sediment varied with the concentration of NH4OH. Before annealing, both the structural and the optical properties of the P-doped ZnO NR were changed by the variation of P doping concentration, which affected the ZnO lattice parameters. At low doping concentration of phosphorus in ZnO crystal, it was determined that a phosphorus atom substituted for a Zn site and interacted with two VZn, resulting in a PZn-2VZn complex, which is responsible for p-type conduction. After annealing, a shift of the PL peak was found to have occurred due to the unstable P doping state at high concentration of P, whereas at low concentration there was little shift of PL peak due to the stable P doping state.

Si Nanowire (NW) field effect transistors (FETs) were fabricated on hard Si and flexible polyimide (PI) substrates, and their electrical characteristics were compared. Si NWs used as channels were synthesized by electroless etching method at low temperature, and these NWs were refined using a centrifugation method to get the NWs to have an optimal diameter and length for FETs. The gate insulator was poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP), prepared using a spin-coating method on the PI substrate. Gold was used as electrodes whose gap was 8 μm. These gold electrodes were deposited using a thermal evaporator. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the device were measured using a semiconductor analyzer, HP-4145B. The electrical properties of the device were characterized through hole mobility, Ion/Ioff ratio and threshold voltage. The results showed that the electrical properties of the TFTs on PVP were similar to those of TFTs on SiO2. The bending durability of SiNWs TFTs on PI substrate was also studied with increasing bending times. The results showed that the electrical properties were maintained until the sample was folded about 500 times. But, after more than 1000 bending tests, drain current showed a rapid decrease due to the defects caused by the roughness of the surface of the Si NWs and mismatches of the Si NWs with electrodes.

As a growth-template of ZnO nanorods (NR), a hexagonal β-Ni(OH)2 nanosheet (NS) was synthesized with the low temperature hydrothermal process and its microstructure was investigated using a high resolution scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate was hydrolyzed by hexamethylenetetramine with the same mole ratio and various temperatures, growth times and total concentrations. The optimum hydrothermal processing condition for the best crystallinity of hexagonal β-Ni(OH)2 NS was determined to be with 3.5 mM at 95˚C for 2 h. The prepared Ni(OH)2 NSs were two dimensionally arrayed on a substrate using an air-water interface tapping method, and the quality of the array was evaluated using an X-ray diffractometer. Because of the similarity of the lattice parameter of the (0001) plane between ZnO (wurzite a = 0.325 nm, c = 0.521 nm) and hexagonal β-Ni(OH)2 (brucite a = 0.313 nm, c = 0.461 nm) on the synthesized hexagonal β-Ni(OH)2 NS, ZnO NRs were successfully grown without seeds. At 35 mM of divalent Zn ion, the entire hexagonal β-Ni(OH)2 NSs were covered with ZnO NRs, and this result implies the possibility that ZnO NR can be grown epitaxially on hexagonal β-Ni(OH)2 NS by a soluble process. After the thermal annealing process, β-Ni(OH)2 changed into NiO, which has the property of a p-type semiconductor, and then ZnO and NiO formed a p-n junction for a large area light emitting diode.

The objective of this study was to analyse the antivibration characteristics of gloves by frequency band while operating light-weighted powered hand grinder. A methodology to estimate vibration isolation effectiveness of gloves was proposed on the basis of overall R.M.S. transmissibility characteristics. And overall R.M.S. transmissibilities of L-, M- and H-spectra were compared. Electric hand grinder was tested in the laboratory and attenuation performances of 3 different gloves(full finger antivibration glove, open finger antivibration glove, and cotton glove) were considered. Eight healthy male subjects were employed to polish metal plate with a tool. The results indicate that there was no significant difference among antivibration characteristics by frequency bands while operating light-weighted electric hand grinder.

과거 SWMM 모형은 수십 개소 주요하수관거의 매개변수를 추정하고, 유량측정자료를 활용한 검보정을 통하여 구축된다. 현재 하수관로 관련 수치지도의 양적, 질적 자료 향상으로 분포형 모형과 같은 수준의 SWMM 모형의 초기값 추정이 쉽지만, 매개변수 검보정 시간은 단축되지 않는다. 최적화된 매개변수와 유사한 매개변수의 초기값을 산정하면, 매개변수의 검보정 시간단축으로 분포형 모형과 같은 수준의 SWMM 모형 구축이 쉽다. 본 연구에서는 GIS 툴을 이용하여 SWMM 모형의 소유역의 매개변수를 산정하며, 동일한 산정방법을 적용하여 하수관거 정보를 단순화시킨 관로정보 개소수의 변화와 유역분할 방법에 따른 유출특성의 변화를 비교분석한다. 모의시간과 예측정밀도를 요구하는 홍수예경보시스템의 도시유출모형 구축을 위하여 기존 연구 결과에서 SWMM 모형의 매개변수 민감도 분석결과에서 검토하지 못했던 소유역 분할방법과 모의시간단축과 관계가 깊은 하수관거 정보 개소수 변화에 따른 유출특성의 변화를 도출하는 민감도 분석을 실시한다. 본 연구의 결과는 홍수예경보시스템 구축을 위하여 정밀하고 모의시간이 짧은 최적의 SWMM 모형 구축을 위한 자료로 이용될 것이다.

최근 아이슬란드, 일본 등 화산폭발에 대한 뉴스가 자주 보도되고 있으며, 소방방재청과 기상청의 연구결과에 따르면 백두산 화산이 가까운 미래에 폭발할 가능성이 있다고 전망하고 있다. 일본의 화산학자는 20년 안에 백두산이 다시 폭발하게 되고 그 폭발 지수는 VEI-5에 달할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 2011년 아이슬란드의 분화가 VEI-4임을 감안할 때 백두산 폭발 시 그 피해는 아이슬란드의 10배에 해당하게 된다. 이러한 위험에도 불구하고 현재 1, 2, 3차 산업에 대한 전반적인 피해 연구가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 우리나라의 식량 자급률은 ‘12년 45.3%로 화산재로 인한 피해 발생 시 그 파급 효과가 매우 클 것이다.<br>본 연구에서는 화산폭발로 인해 발생한 화산재가 1차 산업인 농작물 및 농업시설에 주는 영향과 대응방안에 대해 연구하였다. 화산재의 영향은 농작물의 종류, 성장 시기에 따라 매우 달라지며 농업시설의 경우에도 시설의 종류에 따라 영향이 달라진다. 농작물의 경우 작물별 관리기준을 1단계(5mm)이하, 2단계(5~50mm), 3단계(50~100mm), 4단계(100mm 이상)의 4단계로 나누어 진행하였다. 농업시설의 경우 눈과의 비교로 연구를 진행하였다. 건조한 화산재의 밀도가 1,000kg/m3이고 여기에 부피의 50%가 물로 포화 된다면 젖은 화산재의 밀도는 약 1.5배인 1,500kg/m3으가 된다(Johnston, 1997). 이 연구를 통해 눈과의 하중을 비교하고 우리나라 시설물의 적설심과 비교하여 퇴적된 화산재를 견딜 수 있는 시설물별 기준을 나타냈다.

강우자료는 수문분석에 있어 가장 중요한 기초자료로, 다양한 원인으로 인해 측정범위를 넘어서는 오차가 발생하거나 일정기간 데이터를 취득 못하는 결측기간이 발생하게 된다. 강우자료를 제공하는 자동기상관측시스템(AWS)은 관측지점이 계속 확충되고 있으며 비교적 관측소 밀도가 높을 뿐만 아니라, 분 단위로 강우자료가 측정되고 있어 수문분석의 활용도가 높다. 그러나 관측 자료의 품질 등에 대한 문제점이 지적되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 AWS 강우 자료의 품질개선을 위하여 결측치 보완 방법 및 이상치 처리에 대한 적용성을 검토하였다. 결측치의 시공간적 특성을 고려하여 서울지점(108)의 강우자료를 대상으로 지속시간별, 결측률별 통계적 특성을 비교 검토하였다. 또한, ESD 이상치 처리를 실시하여 기존의 강우자료와의 비교분석을 통해 신뢰도를 검증하였다.