Candida albicans and their associated Candida species are opportunistic pathogens which exists as normal flora in the oral cavities of healthy individuals. In response to physiological changes in the host, these yeasts can become pathogenic, resulting in oral candidiasis. The rapid detection and identification of Candida species in clinical laboratories are extremely important for the management of patients with hematogenous candidiasis. The presently available culture and biochemical methods for detection and species identification of Candida are time-consuming and lack the required sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we have established a seminested PCR (snPCR) using universal and species-specific primers for detection of Candida species in saliva. The universal outer primers amplified the 3end of 5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the 5end of 28S rDNA, including the internally transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), generating 350- to 410-bp fragments from the four commonly encountered Candida spp., viz., C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. The saliva from 331 healthy and, over 50 years of aged people lived in Dong-gu, Gwangu city, was collected. Total DNA were extracted by Hoffman-Winston yeast total DNA prep. method and performed t he s nP CR. R esults appeared to b e negative on 292 people ( 88.2%), however, 2 6 people ( 7.9%) were p ositive Candida albicans, 6 people (1.8%) were positive Candida glabrata, 5 people (1.5%) were positive Candida tropicalis, and only 2 person (0.6%) were positive Candida parapsilosis. These result showed that detection and identification of Candida species could be established by saliva analysis, so that snPCR on saliva is useful method of diagnosis of clinical fields

Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) produced in a various pathologic state was known to intermediate many cellular response such as inflammation. Recently, low level light irradiation by HeNe laser used in many clinical field could improve inflammatory state by scavenging intracellular ROS through photo-detachment/dissociation process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differential effects of blue and red light irradiation on ROS scavenging effects. Immortalized human oral keratinocyte HaCat cells were used. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA) was treated for inflammation. Red(635nm) and blue(470nm) light irradiation was carried out. To asses the intracellular ROS by light irradiation, confocal microscopic and flow cytometric assay with DCF fluorescence for total ROS and ESR spectrometry of DMPO-O2 - for superoxide anion were caried out. And microarray was performed for mRNA expression level. Released intracellular total ROS in PMA treated HaCat cell lines was dissociated efficiently by red light irradiation, while blue light irradiation did not. Rather, blue light irradiation increased ROS formation. For superoxide anion generated the first synthetic form of ROS, red light irradiation reduced its amount but blue light irradiation did not. In the mRNA expression in line with cyclooxygenase(COX) pathway, prostagrandin endoperoxide synthase 1(PTGS 1), prostagrandin endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS 2) and phospholipase A2(PLA2) were increased by both light irradiation and they were decreased as time flows. And genes associated with ROS releasing, mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) and interleukin 1beta(IL1B) were increased by 1 hour red light irradiation but did not by blue light irradiation. As a result, red and blue light irradiation showed different response in affecting the level of ROS. These findings indicate that red light rather than blue light is more useful for anti-inflammation in clinical field

The phytochemicals of many plants suggest their potential use as dietary supplements in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. In the present study, antitumor activity of Cudrania tricuspidata, a plant native to East Asia, was investigated. Cell growth inhibition of the extract on HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma using MTT colorimetric assay was determined. Apoptosis on HT-29 cells was performed by DNA fragmentation analysis. PGE2 release was measured by enzyme immunoassay, because PGE2 is a key protumorigenic prostanoid in many human cancers. For the ROS scavenging activity, ROS level was detected by laser scanning confocal microscope. It was found that methanol extract of leaves inhibits cell viability by inducing apoptosis as evidenced by DNA fragmentation. Stem bark decreases synthesis of PGE2, inflammatory mediator. Fruits exhibited pronounced ROS scavenging activity. Taken together, these results suggest that Cudrania tricuspidata exerts growth inhibition and anti-oxidation on HT-29 cells through apoptosis, ROS scavenging respectively that it may have anti-cancer properties.