본 연구의 목적은 2016년 5월에서 8월 기간 동안 단양지역의 아로니아 표본 재배 농가들을 대상으로 기상·기후학적 인자와 아로니아 과실 특성과의 관계를 조사·분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 아로니아 표본 재배 농가들로부터 기상 요소, 과실과 토양의 물리·화학적 특성과 조건, 비가림 및 해가림 설치에 따른 과실의 특성 변화 등을 조사한다. 그 결과로서, 첫째, 단양지역의 최근 최고기온, 누적강수량, 상대습도, 일조시간 등의 기상·기후 인자가 아로니아 재배 적지뿐만 아니라 일정한 품질 유지 및 생산량에 긍정적인 영향을 준다. 하지만 4월과 5월의 강풍은 아로니아의 개화기 및 만개기의 낙화현상에 큰 영향을 준다. 둘째, 아로니아 품질과 생산량은 일최고기온, 일토양온도, 일토양 pH, 누적강수량, 일토양습도 등의 농업 기상·기후 인자와 0.9 이상의 높은 상관을 나타낸다. 그리고 이들 인자들을 이용한 회귀식을 통해 그 품질과 생산량을 예측할 수 있다. 셋째, 강수량이 많은 경우에 아로니아의 당도와 안토시아닌 성분을 감소시키기 때문에 과일 변색기 이후에는 비가림을 유지하는 것이 필요하다. 그리고 아로니아 표본 농가의 노지 및 비가림 재배 시에 당도와 안토시아닌 성분 간 회귀분석 결과는 모두 높은 상관을 나타낸다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly and to identify their affecting factors.Methods : Data were collected from 77 rural and urban elderly. The instruments used in this study were Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Log (OPTIMAL), Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (USER-Participation). Data were analyzed using a chi-Square test, t-test, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression.Results : All four functions had a statistically significant correlation with their participation. There were significant differences in factors relating to participation between the rural and urban elderly. A high level of negative correlation was found between participation and depression in rural elderly (r=-.486, p<.01), and a high level of positive correlation was found between participation and self-esteem in urban elderly (r=.598, p<.05). The main affecting factor was self-esteem in the urban elderly (p<.01).Conclusion : There were differences in the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly, and the rural elderly were found to have more weaknesses than those from an urban area. An intervention program for participation should be designed differently between those from rural and urban areas.

이 연구는 역진행 상호학습 프로그램을 교수·학습 과정 및 평가에 적용하여 영어 의사소통능력을 신장시키고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 영어과 교육과정에서 영어 의사소통 능력을 길러 주는 것이 중요한 목표이지만, 인성교육과 창의성 교육도 중요하게 생각하여 영어 교육을 통한 인성 함양을 강조하고, 교수-학습 방법에서도 창의성 계발이나 인성 교육을 고려한 교수-학습 계획 수립을 강조하고 있다. 그러나 현실은 교과서 위주 수업으로 소통이 단절되거나 학생과 교사간의 1:1 소통만이 겨우 이루어지는 경우가 빈번하다. 이러한 점들을 고려하여 학습자 중심의 학습, 배움이 중심이 되고 학생 개개인의 수준과 특성을 고려할 수 있는 역진행 상호학습(Flipped Learning)을 실천하여 학생들의 영어 의사소통 능력을 신장시키고자 한다.

This study shows that catalytic activity of bimetallic RhPt nanoparticle arrays under CO oxidation can be tuned by varying the size and composition of nanoparticles. The tuning of size of RhPt nanoparticles was achieved by changing concentration of rhodium and platinum precursors in one-step polyol synthesis. Two-dimensional RhPt bimetallic nanoparticle arrays in different size and composition were prepared through Langmuir-Blodgett thin film technique. CO oxidation was carried out on these two-dimensional nanoparticle arrays, revealing higher activity on the smaller nanoparticles compared to the bigger nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate the preferential surface segregation of Rh compared to Pt on the smaller nanoparticles, which is consistent with the thermodynamic analysis. Because the catalytic activity is associated with differences in the rates of dissociative adsorption between Pt and Rh, this paper suppose that the surface segregation of Rh on the smaller bimetallic nanoparticles is responsible for the higher catalytic activity in CO oxidation. This result suggests a control mechanism of catalytic activity via synthetic approaches of colloid nanoparticles, with possible application in rational design of nanocatalysts.

Thermally stable /Pt/ core-shell nanocatalyst has been synthesized by chemical processes. Citrated capped Pt nanoparticles were deposited on amine functionalized silica produced by Stober process. Ultrathin layer of titania was coated on Pt/ for preventing sintering of the metal nanoparticles at high temperatures. Thermal stability of the metal-oxide hybrid catalyst was demonstrated heating the sample up to in air and by investigating the morphology and integrity of the structure by transmission electron spectroscopy. The surface analysis of the constituent elements was performed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of the hybrid catalysts was investigated by CO oxidation reaction with oxygen as a model reaction.

Candida albicans and their associated Candida species are opportunistic pathogens which exists as normal flora in the oral cavities of healthy individuals. In response to physiological changes in the host, these yeasts can become pathogenic, resulting in oral candidiasis. The rapid detection and identification of Candida species in clinical laboratories are extremely important for the management of patients with hematogenous candidiasis. The presently available culture and biochemical methods for detection and species identification of Candida are time-consuming and lack the required sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we have established a seminested PCR (snPCR) using universal and species-specific primers for detection of Candida species in saliva. The universal outer primers amplified the 3end of 5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the 5end of 28S rDNA, including the internally transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), generating 350- to 410-bp fragments from the four commonly encountered Candida spp., viz., C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. The saliva from 331 healthy and, over 50 years of aged people lived in Dong-gu, Gwangu city, was collected. Total DNA were extracted by Hoffman-Winston yeast total DNA prep. method and performed t he s nP CR. R esults appeared to b e negative on 292 people ( 88.2%), however, 2 6 people ( 7.9%) were p ositive Candida albicans, 6 people (1.8%) were positive Candida glabrata, 5 people (1.5%) were positive Candida tropicalis, and only 2 person (0.6%) were positive Candida parapsilosis. These result showed that detection and identification of Candida species could be established by saliva analysis, so that snPCR on saliva is useful method of diagnosis of clinical fields

In order to investigate the effect of rapid solidification on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg system alloys, water atomization was carried out, since the water atomization beared the highest solidification rate among the atomization processes. The as atomized alloy powders consisted of fine grains less than 4 in diameter, and the second particles were not detected on XRD. The microstructure as solidified was maintained even after the spark plasma sintering at the heating rate of 50 K/min. On the other hand, lower rate of 20 K/min induced a formation of particles, resulting in strengthening of the matrix. The density was almost constant at the temperature above 698K. The sintering temperature above 698K had no effect on the strength of the sintered materials.

The purpose of this study is to explore historical and cultural backgrounds of early twentieth century in Paris, France and examine musical characteristics of selected songs of Les Six through analysis. This study investigates songs of Les Six, which possess valuable learning aspects technically and musically and present artistic aesthetics of early twentieth century France, but have not been studied suffciently as an appropriate twentieth century French repertoire for singers, teachers, and music researchers. Les Six was a group of talented and young composers gatering under Erik Satie (1866-1925) and Jean Cocteau (1889-1963) pursuing true French music that was independent from German Romantic and Debussy's impressionism. Also, Les Six has been recognized as representing composers of contemporary French music in the early of twentieth century. The study briefly examine the cultural and historical background of early twentieth century France and the formation and aesthetics of the group of six composers, Georges Auric(1899-1983), Loise Durey(1888-1979), Arthur Honegger(1892-1955), Darius Milhaud(1892-1974), Francis Poulenc(1899-1963) and Germaine Tailleferre(1892-1983). The selected songs of "Les Six" present a unique style such as neo-classical simplicity, embracement of tradition and modern qualities, and integration of characteristics of popular music, refined and controlled expression, and suble relationships between text and music.

The species composition and phylogeographical features of marine algal flora of Dok island are investigated. A total of 253 species, 26 green, 67 brown, 160 red, were counted cumulatively since first report by Kang and Park (1969) from Dok island. Among them Ectocarpus corticulatus Saunder, Antithamnion okiense Kajimura are first reported from Korea and Feldmannia irregularis, F. globifera, Spatoglossum crassum newly added by this study. And also, a candidated new species, Dictyota sp. (Dictyotaceae, Phaeophyceae) is collected in this study. A remarkable increasing of warm water brown algal species, eg. Nemacystus decipiens, Sphaerotrichia divaricata, Tinocladia crassa, Petrospongium rugosum, Sargassum yezoense, are observed recently studies. This phenomenon is presumed to be closely related with global warming. For phylogeographical study of marine algae of Dok island we selected two species, one red alga Griffithsia japonica Okamura and one brown alga Dictyota coriacae (Holmes) Hwang, Kim et Lee, which have low dispersal capacity by their Oogamious sexual reproduction. The Dok island's haplotype of G. japonica is clearly distinguished from Oki island haplotype but closely related to the Korean type's haplotypes which distributed in south and east coast of Korea. And also, the Dok island's haplotype of D. coreacea is a unique Korean type which discriminated from Japanese and Taiwanese type. From these results, we proposed the marine algae of Dok island, at least in case of warm water species, were originated from Korean coasts rather than western coast of Japan by the Korean warm current.

It is realized that the extraterrestrial matter is in ionized state, plasma, so the matter of this kind behaves as not expected because of its sensitiveness to electric and magnetic fields and its ability to carry electric currents. This kind of subtle change can be observed by an instrument for the magnetic field measurement, the magnetometer usually mounted on the rocket and the satellite, and based on the ground observatory. The magnetometer is a useful instrument for the spacecraft attitude control and the Earth's magnetic field measurements for the scientific purpose. In this paper, we present the preliminary design and the test results of the two onboard magnetometers of KARl's (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) sounding rocket, KSR­III, which will be launched during the period of 2001-02. The KSR-III magnetometers consist of the fluxgate magnetometer, MAG/AIM (Attitude Information Magnetometer) for acquiring the rocket flight attitude information, and of the search-coil magnetometer, MAG/SIM (Scientific Investigation Magnetometer) for the observation of the Earth's magnetic field fluctuations. With the MAG/AIM, the 3-axis attitude information can be acquired by the comparison of the resulting dc magnetic vector fields with the IGRF (International Geomagnetic Reference Field). The Earth's magnetic field fluctuations ranging from 10 to 1,000 Hz can also be observed with the MAG/SIM measurement.

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the skin temperature over the exercised muscle and corresponding non-exercised muscle after unilateral isokinetic exercise using digital thermography. Thirty-two young healthy volunteers with no history of knee injury were tested. After isokinetic exercise at 60 degree per second angular velocity using the right leg in a climatic chamber at ambient temperature of , skin temperature of the anterior thigh was tested. After exercise, the skin temperature of both the right and left leg had fallen significantly. The skin temperature of the exercised leg fell less than that of the non-exercised leg. The fall in skin temperature after work was not due to increased evaporative cooling, but was the result of segmental vasoconstriction probably caused reflexly in the spinal cord by non-thermal afferents from exercising muscle or moving tissues. The effect of thermoregulatory vasodilation was reduced by reflex vasoconstriction caused by non-thermal factors such as catecholamine.

Background: Various Schisandra chinensis (SC) varieties grow in diverse regions in Korea. However, there is no valid scientific evidence of these varieties. This study aimed to select the excellent resources in terms of the growth characteristics, antioxidant activities, and analysis of the active compounds of the SC collection. Method and Results: In total, 154 resources of SC were collected from various regions of Korea. The growth characteristics were measured by the number of fruit bunches, fruit number, and weight of 100 fruits. The antioxidant activities were investigated by analyzing the total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents and the radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS. Schizandrin A, schizandrin c, gomisin a, and gomisin N were analyzed by HPLC. Each resource showed different growth characteristics. Among the antioxidative effects, the highest 20 resources showed high antioxidant activities in selected 29 resources. Analysis of the SC lignan index showed that all resources contained more than 1.16% of active compounds. Conclusions: All of the selected 29 SC resources were shown to have excellent growth characteristics, antioxidant activities, and bioactive compound richness. Especially, SC-004, SC-007, and SC-154 showed the best growth characteristics, and SC-22, SC-40, and SC-45 showed the best antioxidant activities and bioactive compound richness.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) has been utilized as a traditional medicine in Asia. However, the development of varieties is limited and the climate is changing gradually. Therefore, it is required to develop a superior lineage suitable for this. So we have secured several species, and it is necessary to confirm the cytotoxicity of various kinds of cells for its safety and to secure safety for further utilization. Methods and Results : 11 cultivars and 21 lineages of RG were collected from Rural Development Administration (RDA) at Eumseong of Chungcheongbuk-do and national farmhouse. They were cultivated in test-research farm in RDA and used as materials. Human (THP-1 cell, human leukemia monocytic cell line) and rodent-derived immune cells (RAW264.7, murine monocyte/macrophage cell line) and hepatocytes (HepG2, human liver cell line) were used to assess cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was determined by using MTT assay. As a result of evaluation of cytoxicity, 11 cultivars and 21 lineages of RG were not shown cytotoxicity range from 250 - 1,000 ㎍/㎖ concentration in THP-1 cell, RAW264.7 cell and HepG2 cell. Conclusion : Development of RG with superior lineage suitable for changing climate is required. We selected a good lineage (21 ea), and result of the cytotoxicity evaluation from low to high concentrations in immune- and liver-derived cells, there was no toxicity at all. Therefore, if these excellent lineages are distributed to farmers, they can help farmers. And it can help research on immunity and liver function in the future.

Backgound : Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disorders that are characterized by intestinal epithelial inflammation and injury. Currently, the most employed therapies are antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs; however, the side effects limit long-term effectiveness. Methods and Results : We evaluated the impact of glucose-lysine Maillard reaction products (Glc-Lys MRPs) on colitis, induced in rats by an administration of 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. Glc-Lys MRPs ameliorate DSS-induced colitis, as determined by a decrease in disease. index activity, colon weight/length ratio, nitric oxide levels in serum, recovery of body weight loss, colon length and serum lysozyme levels. Furthermore, Glc-Lys MRPs increase the glutathione content and the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and inhibit lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase activity in colon tissues. In particular, Glc-Lys MRPs suppress the mRNA level of the inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-κB in colon tissues. Conclusion : This study suggests the potential of Glc-Lys MRPs in preventing or treating IBDs.

유아들에게 재미와 감동과 추억을 모두 쌓을 수 있도록 자연놀이와 통합한 원예활동을 제공하여, 유아의 친사회적 행동 및 또래 상호작용 과 대인 문제해결능력을 향상 시키고자 자연놀이 원예복지 프로그램을 적용하였다. 연구대상은 충북 청주시에 위치한 국공립 S어린이집 으로 만 5세 유아 총 38명으로, 대조군 19명은 누리과정에 맞는 유아교육기관 생활 외에는 다른 활동 프로그램은 실시하지 않았으며, 실험 군 19명은 Bandura(1977)의 친사회성 관찰학습을 모델로 자연놀이 원예복지 프로그램을 실시하였다. 연구기간은 2016년 4월 7일부터 6 월 30일까지 주1회, 회기 당 90분씩, 총 12회기로 진행하였다. 프로그램 제작은 유아교육기관 원장 1명과 보육교사 1명, 유아놀이 및 유아 숲 지도사 1명, 원예치료 박사 1명, 원예치료사 1명 등에게 자문을 받아 내용타당성 검사 후 수정· 보완하여 완성하였다. 자연놀이 원예복 지 활동내용은 손도장 찍기와 땅 고르기, 친구 찾기와 파종하기, 두껍이 집짓기와 모종 이식하기, 꽃 장식과 꽃모종 심기, 소꿉놀이와 식물 관찰, 돌탑 쌓기와 지지대 세우기, 꽃구경 놀이로 플라워 랜드 축제견학, 물총놀이와 웃거름 주기, 보물찾기와 순지르기, 푸드아트와 햄버 거 만들기, 바람놀이와 작물수확하기, 그리고 마지막 회기에는 꽃목걸이를 만들어 자신의 목에 걸고 꼬마 정원사 수료증을 수여하였다. 평 가도구는 유아의 친사회적 행동 검사도구, 또래 상호작용 평정척도, 대인 문제해결능력 검사도구를 사용하였으며, 독립 t-검증으로 그룹의 동질성을 비교하였고, 그룹 내의 사전 사후 변화 비교는 대응 t-검증을 사용하였으며, 두 그룹간의 효과성을 비교하기 위해 ANCOVA로 분 석하였다. 그리고 유아의 행동반응을 관찰하기 위해 핸드폰을 이용하여 목소리를 녹음하였으며, 녹음된 소리는 Cool Edit Pro2.1을 사용하 여 음의 파형을 분석하였다. 실험결과에 따르면, 프로그램 실시 후 실험군이 대조군보다 친사회적 행동의 하위영역인 도와주기, 나눠주기, 협력하기, 공감하기에서 매우 유의한 향상이 나타났으며, 또래 상호작용의 하위영역에서도 긍정적 또래 상호작용과 부정적 또래 상호작용 에서 매우 유의한 향상을 보였다. 또한 대인 문제해결 능력의 하위영역에서 정서 반응과 문제해결 전략에서도 실험군은 매우 유의한 향상 을 보였다. 그리고 자연놀이 과정 중 유아의 웃음소리를 도로 교통음과 비교 분석한 결과, 유아의 웃음소리에는 도로 교통음과 달리 부드럽 고 힘이 있었으며, 강한 에너지가 집중되거나 밀집되는 부분이 없이 주파수가 고르게 분포되어 사람의 마음을 즐겁게 하고 긍정적인 영향 을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 자연놀이 원예복지 프로그램은 유아의 친사회적 행동 및 또래 상호작용과 대인 문제해결능력 향상에 효 과적인 통합적 원예활동이었다고 판단된다.