양산시 동면 금산리 일원의 공사현장 사면 3개 지점에서 미고결 퇴적층을 절단하는 단층이 확인되었으며, 노두 단면에서 관찰되는 단층의 상세 구조분석을 수행하였다. 이곳 금산리 지점은 기존에 제4기 단층운동이 보고된 가산단층 지점으로부터 북쪽으로 약 0 .6 k m 떨어진 곳에 위치한다. 관찰된 총 6조의 단층들은 14o-32oE 주향을 가지고 3조의 단 층들은 77o-87oNW, 나머지 3조의 단층들은 53o-62oSE로 경사진다. 단층에 의해 절단된 미고결 퇴적층은 동편의 금정산 에서 유래된 선상지 역암으로 주로 화강암 또는 화산암 기원의 직경 0.5m 이상의 거력으로 구성된다. 단층면 상에 발 달하는 단층조선은 역이동성 성분이 포함된 우수향 주향이동단층 운동감각을 지시하며, 이러한 변형특성은 한반도 현생 응력환경인 동북동-서남서 압축응력과 부합한다. 사면에서 관찰되는 기반암과 미고결 퇴적층과의 부정합면을 기준으로 산정한 단층의 겉보기 수직변위는 동편이 15 m, 서편이 1 m이다.

지진 관련 정책 입안과 수행에 우선적으로 고려되어야 할 정보가 지진 발생현황이지만, 대도시와 인구밀집 지역의 경우 높은 생활잡음으로 인해 작은 규모의 지진 발생을 정확히 인지하지 못하는 경우가 많다. 본 연구에서는 2010년부터 2017년까지 부산지역에서 발생했지만, 규모가 작아 기상청 지진목록에 수록되지 않은 미소 지진 10회를 파형의 유사성을 이용하여 검출하였고, 기존에 발생사실을 알고 있던 지진을 포함하여 총 12회의 지진을 분석에 사용하였다. 새로이 보고되는 지진은 선형을 보이면서 발생하고 있지만, 주변의 단층과 직접적으로 연관하여 해석하기에는 자료가 충분치 않다. 규모가 작은 미소 지진이 꾸준히 발생한다는 것은 지하에 지진을 일으키는 단층이 존재함을 시사하고, 부산과 같은 인구밀집 지역에서 과거 피해를 유발한 역사지진과 비슷한 규모의 지진이 발생한다면 대형 피해로 발전될 가능성이 매우 크다. 최근 우리나라에서 발생한 피해 유발 지진이 지표파열을 동반하지 않고 발생하고 있음을 고려할 때 현재 발생하고 있는 미소 지진 현황을 파악하여 지표 단층조사와 함께 지하단층을 규명하는데 활용하여야 한다.

2009년 3월부터 10월까지 경상남도 합천군일대의 자원식물분포조사를 수행하였다. 본 조사를 통해 확인된 조사지역내의 소산 관속식물은 82과 292속 427종 4아종 49변종 9품종으로 총 489분류군으로 확인되었다. 조사 지역에서 분포하고 있는 식물의 자원 유용도를 분석한 결과, 식용자원식물이 187분류군, 섬유용 자원식물이 9분류군, 약용 자원식물이 137분류군, 관상용 자원식물이 52분류군, 초지 자원식물이 126분류군, 공업원료자원이 2분류군, 염료용 자원식물이 112분류군, 목재용 자원식물이 16분류군, 용도가 밝혀지지 않은 식물이 134분류군로 구분되었다 특기할만한 식물로는 한국 특산 관속식물이 총 18분류군, 환경부지정 특정식물종이 33분류군, 희귀식물은 2분류군으로 각각 조사되었고, 귀화식물은 44분류군으로서 전체분류군의 약 8.9%를 차지하였다. 한편 조사지역의 식생은 비교적 양호한 편이었으나, 레저시설이 형성되거나, 중계소, 사찰 등으로 인한 임도와, 저지대의 많은 농경지로 인해, 귀화식물의 분포가 빠르게 확산될 우려가 크므로 이에 따른 적절한 조치가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 지황의 플러그 육묘 재배가 생산량을 증가시킬 수 있는지 평가하고, 강원도 남부지역에 플러그 육묘를 이용한 지황 재배 시 중부지역의 직파재배만큼 생산량을 늘릴 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. 수량의 경우 음성 육묘재배(1,376 ㎏/10a)가 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로 평창 육묘재배(1,256 ㎏ /10a), 음성 직파재배(1,253 ㎏/10a), 평창 직파재배(923 ㎏ /10a) 순으로 나타나, 강원도에서 육묘재배시에 중부지역 직파 재배만큼 생산량을 늘릴 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 지황은 근경 굵기가 8-12 ㎜가 중품(中品), 그 이상이 상품(上品)의 등급으로 팔리는데, 재배실험지역과 재배방법에 상관없이 모두 14 ㎜가 넘어 상품성(商品性)에도 문제가 없었다. 그러므로 생산량과 품질 조건을 고려해 볼 때, 플러그 육묘 재배를 통해 생산량을 늘릴 수 있었으며, 강원도에서 플러그 육묘를 이용한 지황 재배 시 중부지방의 직파재배와 비슷한 생산이 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 연구결과를 적용하기에는 늘어나는 생산비와 증가되는 수익을 고려한 경제성 분석이 더 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 지황이 강원도 남부지역에서 재배가 가능한 대체 작목인지 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 수량의 경우 음성 1,848 ㎏/10a, 정선 1,571 ㎏/10a, 평창 1,485 ㎏/10a로, 2015년부터 2017년 지황 평균 단수인 838 ㎏/10a보다 높게 나타났다. 또한, 지황은 근경 굵기가 15 ㎜ 전후가 되면 상품(上品)의 등급으로 팔리는데, 강원도 재배지역 모두 15 ㎜가 넘어 상품성(商品性) 에도 문제가 없었다. 그러므로 생산량과 품질 조건을 고려해 볼 때, 현재 강원도에서 지황 재배는 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 연구결과를 적용하기에는 강원도의 여러 제반 사항을 고려한 경제성 분석이 더 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 참당귀 재배 시에 발생하는 추대 참당귀를 부산물로 활용가능성이 있는지 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 추대 참당귀의 지상부와 지하부의 총 무게는 수확기 비추대 참당귀의 지하부 무게 대비 약 98.5%로 높게 나타났다. 또한 추대 당귀의 decursin과 decursinol angelate의 총 함량은 주 생산품인 참당귀 신(身)의 지표성분 총 함량인 4.24%와 대비해 부위별로 0.64%~2.39%로 나타났으며, 이는 추출물로 이용 시 생산품 대비 15~56%에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 항상화 활성의 경우 추대 참당귀는 전반적으로 비추대 참당귀에 비해 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 추대 참당귀의 생산량, 지표성분 함량 그리고 항산화 활성 결과를 고려해 봤을 때, 추대 참당귀의 부산물은 사료 첨가제 및 화장품 용도의 추출물로 이용 가능성이 높은 것으로 생각된다.

Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a traditional medicinal herb especially in Korea. It contains pyranocoumarins, which are major active components including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA). This study was carried out to determine the change in active component content and antioxidant activity depending on the root diameter of AGN. Several processing steps are involved to use AGN roots as medicine. The dried AGN roots are divided into body (B), thick root (TkR), medium root (MR) and thin root (TnR) according to their diameter before cutting into medicine. The recovery rates of each root parts per 100 ㎏ were measured as 32.3±2.5, 9.0±1.0, 39.3±2.1 and 15.0±1.0%, respectively and the mean diameters were measured as 51.95±4.55, 7.05±0.89, 2.88±0.49 and 1.57±0.32 ㎜. Two index components, D and DA, were analyzed. The change of both D and DA content showed a similar tendency. Both D and DA content were increased as the root diameter decreased (higher in TnR). In addition, antioxidant activity was higher in B and TnR, and lower in TkR and MR than control. This study showed that the thinner the root diameter, the higher the D and DA content in AGN roots and that TnR has excellent antioxidant activity compared to other root parts, suggesting that the thinner root part of AGN could be used as a potential material.

Background: Astragalus membranaceus belonging to the Leguminosae family is often utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to elucidate the basic breeding information required to develop short stem A. membranaceus cultivars. Methods and Results: Roots of A. membranaceus advanced yield trial (AYT) lines were harvested in late October 2017. Root yield of six AYT lines were increased in a range of 8.9 - 74.8% compared with ‘Aseong’ as control (check variety). The height of seven AYT lines were shorter than that of ‘Aseong’. In addition, stem diameter of nine AYT lines was thicker than that of ‘Aseong’. Consequently, 1502-56, 1503-90, and 1510-80 were selected as elite lines for the development of short stem cultivars. HPLC analysis was perfromed to identify lines with high level active components such as calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin. The levels of both active components were higher in 1502-56, and 1503-90, but not in 1510-80 compared to ‘Aseong’. In addition, 2,2-Diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was higher in the 1502-56 compared to ‘Aseong’. Considering these results, two AYT lines, 1502-56 and 1503-90 were selected as short stem lines with high calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin content. Conclusions: Taken together, Two short stem lines were identified in this study. In our future study, regional yield trial (RYT) will be conducted using these selected lines to develop new cultivars.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa root has been commonly used as traditional medicine in Korea. This root including prepared rehmannia that is the steamed root of rehmannia can be also used as food. This study was performed to analyze the quality properties of the root and the tea with different steaming conditions to evaluate the potential as a tea. Methods and Results : For this study, we used ‘Dagang’, new variety of R. glutinosa, developed by NIHHS. The root was dried and steamed for 9 times. Every steaming, powder and extract were used for pH, antioxidant activity analysis (total phenolic acid and total flavonoid content) and sensory evaluation. As steaming repeated, pH was decreased. The total phenolic acid and total flavonoid content was increased during steaming process. In the sensory evaluation for the tea, 56% of respondents (A group) recognized the difference between 6th and 9th steaming tea correctly but 44% (B group) didn’t. The sensory scores showed that 6th and 7th steaming tea had higher overall preference scores than other samples. This tendency was more clear in the A group. Depending on the age group, there were significant different tendency among 3 age groups (20 – 30 s, 40 – 50 s, over 60 s). The youngest group was preferred 6th than 9th steaming tea. On the other hands, 9th steaming tea had more priority than 6th steaming tea in older age group. Conclusion : This study showed a potential of R. root as a tea material. The quality properties of the R. root are affected by steaming conditions and the preference tendency of tea was different depending on the age group. These data can be used to develop tea material suitable for consumer age and establish optimal steaming conditions in industrial use.

Background : In the process of developing new disease-resistant cultivar of Rehmannia glutinosa, it is essential to screen plants based on resistance to their disease. But until now, we have relied on visual inspection for selection of disease-resistant cultivar. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to establish an efficient and reliable screening system and test the resistance to leaf spot disease in R. glutinosa cultivars developed until now. Methods and Results : We have tested 11 R. glutinosa cultivars developed so far. Rootstock of R. glutinosa were sown in 20 × 20 ㎝ plastic square port and grown in green house at 25 ± 5℃ for four months and then cutting leaves were inoculated with Phoma sp. HCRD 17103 by spraying spore suspention of fungus at concentration of 1 × 107 spore/㎖. The inoculated leaves were incubated in a dew chamber at 25℃ for 48h and then transferred to glass house (25 ± 5℃, RH 80% ≥ ). After 3 - 5 days when the most susceptible cultivar had lesion area over 40%, disease severity of the cultivars was investigated on a scale of 0 - 9 (0 = healthy, 1 = 0 - 1%, 3 = 1.1 - 10%, 5 = 10.1 - 20%, 7 = 20.1 - 40%, 9 = 40.1% over). The degree of resistance was determined according to the disease index (0 and 1 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant, 5, 7 and 9 = susceptible). As a result of experiments according to the above criteria, the disease index of cultivar Gogang, Dagang, Segang, Yeongang, Wongang, and Dahwang was 1, cultivar Togang, Daegyung, Jiwhang 1 and Goryeo was 3, cultivar Hwanggang was 9, respectively. Conclusion : From the above results, six cultivars such as Gogang, Dagang, Segang, Yeongang, Wongang, and Dahwang were resistant, four cultivar such as Togang, Daegyung, Jiwhang 1 and Goryeo were moderately resistant, and only one cultivar Hwanggang was susceptible to the leaf spot disease by Phoma sp. This experiment used only leaves and we plan to use whole plants in the future to see more accurate resistance response.

Background : Great achievements have been made to form a system to protect seed intellectual property rights over the past years in Korea. The system is divided into two parts: the plant variety protection (PVP) system and the patent. Korea has a dual protection system unlike Europe. The purpose of this study was to examine the application and industry trends, and the registration states of herbal crops under the PVP system. Methods and Results : Eighteen years have passed since Korea introduced PVP system. The number of plant varieties were applied for the registration were 9,959 and 7,070 among 9,959 were registered until the end of 2017. The total number of 9,959 applicant varieties formulations like ornamental crops (5,036 varieties, 52%) > vegetables (2,149, 22%) > food crops (1,251, 13%) > persimmon trees (626, 6%) > special crops (397, 4%) > mushrooms (267, 2%) > and forage crops (69, 1%). The total number of 7,070 registered varieties formulations like ornamental (3,779 varieties, 54%) > vegetables (1,344, 19%) > food crops (1,020, 15%) > persimmon trees (398, 5%) > special crops (282, 4%) > mushrooms (169, 2%) > and forage crops (42, 1%). Among the applicant varieties for registration, special 50 type crops in 397 varieties were applied until the end of 2017. The applicant varieties formulation like sesame (72 varieties) > perilla (54) > peanuts (53) > ginseng (32) > Tea tree (18) > rape (31) > matrimony vine (14) > mulberry (11). Among the remained 42 crops, less than 10 varieties were applied. Oilseed crops such as sesame, perilla, peanut and rapeseed are 60% of the total number of applications for special crops, 32% of herbal crops such as ginseng and foxglove (Rehmannia glutinosa), 8% in fiber (ramie) and beverage crops (stevia, tea). Compared with Japan, 33,206 varieties were applied and 8,963 were registered as of March 31, 2018. Among the special crops, 287 varieties (0.8%) were applied and 126 varieties (1.4%) were registered. Conclusion : The total of 9,959 varieties have been applied for the PVP, of which 397 (4%) are special crops and 282 (4%) among 397 are registered varieties. The number of applications of herbal crops such as ginseng and foxglove consist 165 varieties, which corresponds to 2% of total applications. Compared with Japan in the term of registered special crops, in Korea they have been registered about twice as much.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var japonica is a perennial herb that belongs to Campanulaceae. Radix Adenophorae is a dried rhizome of A. triphylla and same genus plant. It has contains chemicals such as cycloartenyl acetate, lupenone, β-sitosterol, taraxerone, octacosanoic acid, and praeruptorin A. Radix Adenophorae considered to be effective regulating humoral and cellular immunity, antimutation, restraining adenocarcinoma cell, strengthening cardiac function, allaying a fever, and easing pain and cough. In this study, we tried to establish a mass production system of A. triphylla which has high economic value as a medicinal herb by plant tissue culture in order to cultivate standard varieties. Methods and Results : In this study, A. triphylla internode was used as a explant and it was surface sterilized by 1% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes, consequently several times washed with ddH2O. Further it was placed in to MS medium including with axillary bud. The 1/2MS, B5, SH was used in this research. And the plant growth regulator of 0.1 - 2 ㎎/ℓ auxins (NAA, IBA) and cytokines (BA) were used respectively to achieve multiple shoots. The whole study was carried out in the department of Herbal crop research, Eumseong, RDA. Conclusion : In this study we obtained, 6.2 multi-shoots per an explant, and the shoot growth was also favorable in the presence of 1.0 ㎎/ℓ BA and 1.0 ㎎/ℓ IBA.

Background : Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort is a perennial herb of the Umbelliferae family and an important traditional oriental medicinal plant. The compounds contained in L. chuanxiong can be divided into five kinds, essential oil, alkaloids, phenolic acids, phthalide lactones, and other constituents. These compounds have cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects, antioxidants, neuroprotection, anti-fibrinolytic, antidotes, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. In this study, we anticipated to establish the in vitro propagation system of L. chuanxiong, which is a high economic value as medicinal herb, by plant tissue culture to solve the problem of root stocks contamination. Methods and Results : The whole study was carried out in the department of Herbal crop research, Eumseong, RDA. In this study, L. chuanxiong nodes was used as an explant and it was surface sterilized by 2% sodium hypochlorite for 1 minutes, then washed with ddH2O several times. Further the surface sterilized nodes were placed on MS basal media. Multiple shoots were induced on MS, SH, WPM media with 0.1 - 2 ㎎/ℓ auxin (NAA, IBA) and cytokine (BA). In this study we obtained 4.6 multi-shoots per an explant, and growth of the shoot was also favorable in the presence of 1.0 ㎎/ℓ BA. Subsequent transfer of these regenerated shoots on 1/2 MS media resulted in root formation. The rooted plantlets were able to grow in soil after 3 weeks of acclimatization. Conclusion : The optimal conditions for in vitro propagation of L. chuanxiong were established through this experiment.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) has been utilized as a traditional medicine in Asia. However, the development of varieties is limited and the climate is changing gradually. Therefore, it is required to develop a superior lineage suitable for this. So we have secured several species, and it is necessary to confirm the cytotoxicity of various kinds of cells for its safety and to secure safety for further utilization. Methods and Results : 11 cultivars and 21 lineages of RG were collected from Rural Development Administration (RDA) at Eumseong of Chungcheongbuk-do and national farmhouse. They were cultivated in test-research farm in RDA and used as materials. Human (THP-1 cell, human leukemia monocytic cell line) and rodent-derived immune cells (RAW264.7, murine monocyte/macrophage cell line) and hepatocytes (HepG2, human liver cell line) were used to assess cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was determined by using MTT assay. As a result of evaluation of cytoxicity, 11 cultivars and 21 lineages of RG were not shown cytotoxicity range from 250 - 1,000 ㎍/㎖ concentration in THP-1 cell, RAW264.7 cell and HepG2 cell. Conclusion : Development of RG with superior lineage suitable for changing climate is required. We selected a good lineage (21 ea), and result of the cytotoxicity evaluation from low to high concentrations in immune- and liver-derived cells, there was no toxicity at all. Therefore, if these excellent lineages are distributed to farmers, they can help farmers. And it can help research on immunity and liver function in the future.

Background : Astragalus membranaceus belonging to the family of Leguminosae have been utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study is to elucidate the basic information for breeding to superior Astragalus membranaceus cultivar. Methods and Results : Selection lines were developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA). The root of A. membranaceus lines were harvested in late October 2017. Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside and calycosin were anlyzed by HPLC. The root yield of six selection lines were increased 8.9 - 74.8% compared with ‘Aseong’ (check variety). Also, the plant height of seven selection lines were shorter than ‘Aseong’. The calycosin–7-O-β -d-glucoside content was higher in six selection lines than ‘Aseong’. The calycosin content was higher in all selection lines except 1 line (1508 - 03) than that of ‘Aseong’. Conclusion : Three superior lines with short height and high yield were selected. These superior lines will conduct advanced yield trial to make varieties.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. This study was breeding of R. glutinosa cultivar with insect tolerance and high-yielding. Methods and Results : ‘Chunggang’ is developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), during the period from 2005 to 2017. The reproduction of Rehmannia glutinosa has been accomplished mainly by vegetative propagation with its seedlings. This cultivar was selected from seedling of RG10. The plant type of Chungang is some rising from ground. Regional yield trials conducted at three site from 2016 to 2017. The root yield of ‘Chunggang’ was 22.3 ton per hectare, which was increased 11% compared with ‘Jihwang 1’ (check variety). Also, ‘Chunggang’ has higher insect tolerance compared with ‘Jihwang 1’. Conclusion : ‘Chunggang’ is a insect tolerance and high-yielding Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. This study was conducted to evaluate the appropriateness through seedling cultivation of R. glutinosa. Methods and Results : The root of R. glutinosa cultivar (Jihwang 1) was harvested in the middle of March. Seed rhizomes were seedling after air curing for three days. And seed rhizomes were plug seedlings for 30 days (30D), 45 days (45D) and 60 days (60D) then planted in the test field. Mat formation rate in 30D, 45D and 60D was 81.3, 100 and 100% respectively. Flowering occurred only in 45D and 60D except 30D. Flowering rate of 45D and 60D were 7.3 ± 3.06 and 13.3 ± 1.15%. Agronomic characteristics were evaluated in comparison with ND (directly seeded group). As a results, aerial parts of 30D in plant height, leaf length and leaf width were better than other treatment group but the number of leaf per plant was statistically the same. Also, root shape was similar when comparing ND and seedling groups. Conclusion : Taken together, it is thought that the cultivation of R. glutinosa. seedlings is possible. However, further evaluation of the economic aspect is needed.

The use of Rehmannia glutinosa of the family Scrophulariaceae, in traditional medicine is well known. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of air curing of the seed rhizome of R. glutinosa on its storability and yield. Methods and Results: The root of the R. glutinosa cultivar (Dagang) was harvested in at the end of November. The seed rhizomes were air cured for one to seven days. They were subsequently wrapped with newspaper and further stored in a plastic container at 1℃. It was observed that the weight loss and decay rates were significantly lower in the air cured seeds than in the untreated ones. Moreover, the decay rate of the control was approximately 50%, 120 days after storage. However. the decay rate of all the air cured treatment groups was less than 1%. Additionally, air curing led to an increase in the germination rate of the seeds and the root yield when compared with the untreated groups. Taken together, the ideal treatment period for air curing was found to be 3 days. Under these conditions, the germination rate and yield were 88.7% and 2,185 ㎏/10a, respectively. Conclusions: This study successfully demonstrated that the air curing of seed rhizomes can lead to a considerable increase in the storability and yield of R. glutinosa.

Background : Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a perennial plant found in East Asian countries and an crucial medicinal herb especially in Korea. It contains several chemicals like pyranocoumarins, which are major active components including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA), essential oils and polyacetylenes. This study was carried out to determine the change in active components depending on the root diameter of AGN. Methods and Results : Several processing steps are involved to use AGN roots as medicine. The dried AGN roots are divided into body (B), thick root (TkR), medium root (MR) and thin root (TnR) according to their diameter before cutting into medicine. Among them, B and TkR are mainly used as medicine. The mean diameter of dried each root part (B, TkR, MR, TnR) were measured as 51.95, 7.05, 2.88, and 1.57 ㎜, respectively. The water content of each root part was slightly reduced depending on the size of the diameter (higher in B). In addition, the two active components, D and DA, were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The change of both D and DA content showed a similar tendency. Both D and DA content were increased as the root diameter decreased (higher in TnR). Conclusion : This study showed that the thinner the root diameter, the higher the D and DA content in AGN roots, suggesting that the thinner root parts of AGN could be used as potential materials.