대나무 원림과 시가 문화원이 있는 담양 죽녹원은 31ha 면적에 문화정원·체험식물정원·역사정원·누정정원·전통정원 등 5개의 주제별 정원으로 구성되어 있다. 특히 죽녹원 방문객수는 2005년 집계가 시작된 이래 해마다 수가 꾸준히 늘고 있어 2005년 약 31만 명에 불과했던 방문객수가 2014년도에는 약 1백 5십만 명, 2015년도에는 약 1백 2십만 명으로 집계되었다. 죽녹원이 유료관광지임에도 불과하고 해마다 눈에 띄는 성장세를 보여주고 있다는 것은 그만큼 죽녹원이 관광자원으로서 경쟁력을 갖추고 있음을 의미한다고 볼 수 있다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 죽녹원의 지방정원 지정을 위한 기본구상계획을 수립하였다. 이를 위해, 죽녹원의 가치와 현황을 분석하였으며, 지방정원으로서의 죽녹원 기본구상을 하였다. 현재 4개 권역으로 나뉘어져 있는 죽녹원의 공간을 재편하고 각 권역에 주제를 부여하였으며, 이에 따른 신규 시설 및 프로그램을 구상하였다. 또한, 현재 대나무숲, 시가문화촌(한옥체험촌 포함), 추성창의촌 등 3개의 주제정원으로 구성된 죽녹원을 역사정원, 누정정원, 전통정원, 문화정원, 체험식물정원 등 5개의 주제정원으로 재구성할 것을 제안하였다. 체험프로그램으로 각 주제정원별로 역사정신, 전통누정, 전통한옥, 대나무, 참여 등 다섯 가지 범주의 프로그램들을 제안하였으며, 향후 관리운영을 위해 조직 개편 방안을 제안하였다.

The purpose of this study is to determine cardiovascular reponses to concentric, eccentric and isometric exercise applied to the knee extensor muscle group. Exercise types studied were concentric, eccentric and isometric. The subjects were sixty healthy male volunteers who had no hypertension or cardiac disease. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded prior to starting exercise. The subjects also performed 10RM on right lower extremity. A N-K table was used for three exercises to right knee extensors. Each exercise was selected randomly and applied to each subject 10 times in a 10 second. After each exercise, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded immediately. Findings were as follows concectric contractions had a greater effect on the increase of systolic blood pressure and heart rate than eccentric or isometric contractions. Diastolic blood pressure is influenced only by isometric contractions. Eccentric contractions have less effect on the increase of systolic blood pressure and heart rate than concentric or isometric contractions. We hope that the results of this experiment can be adapted to exercise programs for patients with cardiac disease.

This study was performed to test the feasibility of thermophilic (55oC) co-digestion of municipal sewage sludge and food wastes. The management variables of co-digestion were the mixed ratios of municipal sewage sludge and food waste hydraulic retention times (HRTs). During the operation of thermophilic co-digestion, the reactor pH ranged from 7.0 to 7.5 and the reactor alkalinity remained above 3,200 to 4,000 mg/L as CaCO3. The volatile fatty acids concentration increased as the HRT shortened from 20 days to 10 days and the mixture ratio increased to 1:4, but did not reach toxic levels for co-digestion of sewage sludge and food wastes. Methane productivity increased gradually as the organic loading rate increased. Maximum methane productivity reached 1.03v/v-d at an HRT of 10 days and at the mixture ratio of 1:4. The TVS removal efficiency decreased from 70.6% to 58.3% as the HRT shortened from 20 days to 10 days. TVS removal efficiency ranged from 57.0% to 77% during the entire operation. It is likely that thermophilic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food wastes is a very effective method both to environmentally treat food waste and to economically produce gas for energy.

To produce palm kernel shell (PKS) biocrude oil, a bubbling fluidized bed pyrolyzer was used with different sample sizes and reaction temperatures. The PKS sample sizes used were 0.1 ~ 0.4 mm, 0.4 ~ 1.0 mm, and 1.0 ~ 2.0 mm and the reaction temperature were 465oC, 490oC, 530oC, 560oC, and 590oC. The yield of PKS biocrude oil increased with decreasing the sample size. The maximum yield of PKS biocrude oil was 47.31% at 560oC with a PKS sample size of 0.1 ~ 0.4 mm. In addition, the maximum energy yield of PKS biocrude oil was 45.05% at 560oC and size 0.1 ~ 0.4 mm. Among the characteristics of PKS biocrude oil, the high heating values are from 15.98 MJ/Kg to 20.29 MJ/Kg, the moisture content is from 20.14wt.% to 31.57wt.%, and the viscosity ranges from 0.0117 N s/m2 to 0.0408 N s/m2. In addition, proximate analyses and elemental analysis of PKS biocrude oil were conducted.

Converting biomass to biocrude oil has been extensively studied worldwide as a renewable energy technology and a solution to global warming caused by overuse of fossil fuels because it is a carbon neutral fuel that originates from biomass and, thus, could help prevent climate change. Fast pyrolysis is an effective technology for producing biocrude-oil, and woody biomass is usually used as feedstock. Although many studies have been performed with this feedstock, high production cost and low higher heating value (HHV) have frequently reported as challenging barriers to commercialization. Thus, coffee ground residue was selected as an alternative feedstock to overcome this barrier due to its higher HHV than other biomasses, as well as an expected improvement in the recycling rate of organic waste from many coffee shops. A kinetic study on the thermal decomposition reaction of ground coffee residue was carried out previously to investigate pyrolysis characteristics by thermogravimetric analysis, and its kinetic parameters were studied using two calculation models. A bubbling-fluidized-bed reactor was used for fast pyrolysis and the yield and characteristics of the biocrudeoil from ground coffee residue were investigated at reaction temperatures of 400-600°C. The activation energy of the decomposition reaction was calculated separately to be 41.57 kJ/mol and 44.01-350.20 kJ/mol with the above two methods. The highest biocrude-oil content was about 51.7wt% at 550°C.