PURPOSES : This study focuses on how quickly emergency alarm facilities recognize a fire, respond to evacuation behavior, and induce appropriate behavior in response to the fire alarm sound by listening to the fire alarm sound from a sound device. METHODS : Prior research on alarm sounds affecting evacuation behavior was identified, and a subjective evaluation of alarm sounds was conducted to study the most appropriate evacuation-inducing behavior for alarm sounds. In the event of a fire, a subjective evaluation of the sound pressure level and frequency analysis of the sound system, which affects the occupants in the building, were conducted to analyze the type of alarm sound and evacuation behavior. RESULTS : As a result of the subjective evaluation of the occupants’ listening risk, there was little cognitive response to the change in sound pressure level according to frequency. It was found that the alarm sound could give a sense of crisis or tension owing to the difference in sound pressure level change according to the change in time difference. CONCLUSIONS : In conclusion, with high sound pressure and large decibel deviation, the evacuation behavior of respondents after education was more active in the wake-up call that made a sound that seemed to be torn.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to analyze the primary maintenance procedures and safety inspection checklist characteristics for suspension bridges. The study referred to the current suspension bridge safety management manual and conducted an on-site safety inspection. By comparing and analyzing any missing or inadequate inspection and management procedures, the study identified major inspection and management areas requiring improvement, and proposed potential solutions. METHODS : The study referred to the current suspension bridge safety management manual and conducted on-site safety inspections. By comparing and analyzing any missing or inadequate inspection and management procedures, the study identified major inspection and management areas requiring improvement, and proposed potential solutions. RESULTS : The study found that suspension bridges are currently inefficiently managed compared to other facilities subject to more rigorous maintenance and safety inspection. Therefore, maintenance and safety inspection procedures require improvement. CONCLUSIONS : For effective safety management and to reduce potential accident risk factors arising from negligent management, major improvements were suggested. Scientific maintenance and safety management could be achieved by incorporating enhancements into statutory requirements and improving management and inspection procedures. This long-term approach is likely to be more economical than the current methods, which lead to higher maintenance and repair costs and increased social costs from traffic accidents.

PURPOSES : Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a cheaper and easier to installer fire suppressant than other extinguishing gases and is easy to install, but extinguishes fires by is suffocation. As a result, suffocation accidents continue to occur in facilities equipped with CO2 fire-extinguishing facilities, Emission standards have yet to be established. This study aims to address the issue. METHODS : To effectively remove CO2 emitted from installed systems, we reviewed and analyzed previous related research and existing international standards. RESULTS : In protected areas where CO2 fire-extinguishing systems are installed, emission facilities should discharge the emitted CO2 before it enters the protected spaces. CO2 sensors can determine whether safe entry is possible or whether respirators are required. CONCLUSIONS : This study presented a specific installation method for emission facilities capable of actively discharging CO2. Applying this method is expected to contribute to improving safety in facilities equipped with CO2 fire-extinguishing facilities.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to secure the work space in alarm valve rooms to ensure stable working conditions for the engineers. METHODS : We analyzed situations where alarm valve room work spaces were inadequately secured posing a problem. Using the Ovako working posture analysis system (OWAS) method, we measured the body size of adult male technicians and their tools to analyze the actual space needed for them to maintain a healthy posture while working. On this basis, we proposed regulations governing workspace size and acceptable durations for unstable body postures. RESULTS : By measuring valve room work space and technician body size, we found that the workspace was inadequate for technicians. Applying OWAS showed that securing more space in the valve room improved the construction stability. CONCLUSIONS : Regulations on valve room size and appropriate work space for technicians will improve construction and inspection stability. This reduces the probability of poor construction and inadequate inspection, increasing the reliability of the firefighting facility system.

PURPOSES : Sprinkler facilities play a crucial role in extinguishing fires in the early stages of a building blaze. Data indicate that more than 96% of fires are suppressed by sprinklers before growing out of control. However, corrosion and pitting of the sprinkler piping can reduce system performance as facilities age. The purpose of this study is to develop an eco-friendly water-soluble corrosion inhibitor to improve the reliability and longevity of sprinkler piping. METHODS : This study compared and analyzed silicate-based sprinkler piping shrinkage agents as corrosion inhibitor against existing commercial options. Tests were conducted to evaluate reactivity with fire extinguishing water, including electrolyzed reduced water and normal water. The anticorrosive performance of the silicate-based corrosion inhibitor was evaluated under various conditions to establish suitability before potential development or commercialization. RESULTS : The new corrosion inhibitor demonstrated eco-friendly performance. In testing, none of the primary four hazardous substances that pose the most risk of harm to the human body (specifically, arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)) were detected. The inhibitor effectively reduced corrosion of carbon steel (SPP), with weight loss rates averaging 0.12% and not exceeding 0.27%. For copper (CDA 110) weight loss rates were up to 0.03%. Testing under constant temperature and humidity conditions show that the inhibitor kept weight loss was below 0.002 g, with no significant numerical value for the weight loss rate. Overall, the results indicate the potential for an environmentally-safe corrosion inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS : The optimal silicate-based sprinkler system can provide real-time sensor information such as oxygen saturation, pH concentration, and total dissolved solids (TDS). These metrics are closely related to the aging process. By linking this system with an aging monitoring solution, maintenance costs and safety could be improved over the lifespan of the sprinkler system. The sensors and monitoring capabilities are expected to enhance maintenance efficiency and equipment reliability.

PURPOSES : This study aims to propose drone-command standard operating procedure (SOP) guidelines and Analyze their potential application to increase the use and utility of drones in urban disaster situations. Although the effectiveness and efficiency of obtaining disaster-situation information through drones have been verified by previous studies and practical experience, a survey of actual drone usability indicated a utilization rate of only approximately 4.13%. METHODS : To provide guidance for improving drone command SOPs, prior research and relevant literature were reviewed to identify commonalities between disaster-response command and control and drone use. A sample of 73 active-duty firefighters, including incident commanders (ICs) and drone pilots, were surveyed and interviewed. The data were analyzed and categorized to establish the reasons why drones are not actively used in urban disaster-response procedures. RESULTS : The primary reasons identified for not actively utilizing drones in urban disaster areas were the lack of a drone command and control system and the lack of clear criteria for when to use drones in disaster situations. In addition, many problems were found in drone-operation procedures, including emergency flight approval, securing takeoff and landing sites, and accident burden due to urban flight obstacles. To address the issues identified, standards were proposed for the type, size, and scope of urban disasters requiring drone response; for accident-prevention on basic missions and through flight safety procedures; and for installing a video transmission and reception system to easily share drone video information with ICs. CONCLUSIONS : Application of the drone-command SOP guidelines to actual urban disaster situations by disaster type will help to improve the efficiency of information acquisition and flight safety. This is expected to enable increased drone utilization. In future, extension of the research reported in this paper beyond the Seoul metropolitan area via additional follow-up studies has the potential to establish applicability of the proposed SOP guidelines to a wide variety of environments and organizational characteristics.

of hazardous risk factors, risk estimation and determination steps by reflecting the trend of overseas risk assessment. METHODS : In deriving, estimating and determining risk factors, comparing the procedures presented by the ILO with the domestic guidline to find out the differences in procedural. and, According to the domestic manual, after setting the criteria for determining a deterministic perspective, analyze the risk assessment data of a specific domestic company and three overseas risk assessment research data to analyze the differences in methodology domestic and abroad. RESULTS : Within the country, there is a possibility that a deterministic view may be applied to all stages of procedure, and certain corporate data to the risk estimation and determination stage. In the case of overseas, the trend of applying deterministic perspectives to the risk determination stage was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS : Present the need for a standard model for improving deterministic methods in the other two stages, excluding risk determination in the domestic evaluation procedure.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this research was to select sites that are appropriate for the storage of individual protective gear that can be used by traffic-controlling police when chemical terrorism occurs. METHODS : A storage facility, which is classified as Class A in the Act on Safety Action at Facilities Vulnerable to Terrorism, is defined for use in the event of soft-target chemical terrorism. Considering the number of controlled intersections and the police stations/substations within a radius of 750 m, the jurisdiction of traffic police and grade of protective gear were identified using ammonia, which has the widest protection boundary among known chemical terrorism substances. RESULTS : The results indicate that mobilization should only occur after the police have put on protective gear at the nearby station, regardless of the police district. Additionally, Class B protective gear should be furnished if there is a police station/substation within the jurisdiction, whereas Class C protective gear should be furnished if there is police station/substation outside of the jurisdiction. CONCLUSIONS : Because it is inefficient to keep protective gear at all police stations/substations, appropriate sites should be selected in accordance with chemical terrorism action strategy.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this research was to present quantitative assessment items for each response phase, and to develop a virtual training method that police can use as a tool to effectively counter chemical terrorism in a crowded facility. METHODS : In this study, domestic and foreign documents related to counterterrorism action and virtual training, as well as a police checklist for counterterrorism simulation, were examined. RESULTS : A new checklist for counterterrorism drills was created; this checklist provides details regarding the tasks, trainees (team), execution, and accuracy at each phase based on the counterterrorism simulation checklist in Annex 4 of the Act on Safety Action at Facilities Vulnerable to Terrorism. CONCLUSIONS : This study demonstrates the necessity of virtual counterterrorism training for police, and provides basic data that can be used for counterterrorism manual development/supplements, and virtual training system development.