Palytoxin (PLTX)는 자연계 해양생물독소 중 가장 강력 한 독소로, 전 세계적으로 관리되지 않는 해양생물독소이 다. PLTX는 Oetreopsis, Palythoa, Trichodesmium sp. 등에 서 발견된다. 이러한 해양생물독소가 식용 해산물에서 발 견될 경우, 공중보건에 심각한 위험을 초래할 수 있다. 기 후변화로 인한 Ostreopsis sp.의 서식지 확장은 국내 수산 식품의 PLTX 오염에 대한 우려를 불러일으킬 수 있다. 따 라서, 본 연구에서는 국내에 유통되는 국내산 패류에서 PLTX의 오염도 수준을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 실제 시료에 서는 PLTX의 유의미한 농도가 검출되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 국내에서 생산되는 패류는 PLTX에 오염되지 않았 음을 기기분석법으로 확인하였으며, 이는 패류 섭취에 대 한 안전성을 제공한다.

이 연구는 신경독성을 나타내는 cyclic imine (CI) 독소 의 한국 내 수입되는 패류 내의 오염 수준을 분석한 것으 로, LC/MS/MS를 통해서 spirolide, pinnatoxin, gymnodimine 유도체 7종을 대상으로 분석하였다. 총 21개의 수입산 패 류를 수집하여 분석한 결과, 뉴질랜드산 홍합에서 SPX C 가 227.84 ppt, 칠레산 홍합에서 PnTX G가 80.42 ppt, 뉴 질랜드산 홍합에서 Gym A가 118.79 ppt로 검출되었다. 이 러한 결과는 수입산 패류에서 CI 독소가 초래할 잠재적인 위협의 가능성을 나타내며, 소비자 건강 보호를 위하여 지 속적인 모니터링의 필요성을 시사한다. 또한 이러한 독소 가 포함된 패류 제품에 대한 규제 조치의 시행이 필요함 을 시사하며, 이를 보다 잘 이해하고 관리하기 위한 지속 적인 연구가 필요하다.

패션프루트(Passiflora edulis)는 열대와 아열대 지역에서 재배되는 덩굴성 과수이다. 평균 기온이 상승함에 따라 온대 지역인 국내에서도 재배가 가능하여 패션프루트 재배 농가수가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 패션프루트 묘목이 건정성에 대한 평가 없이 생산되어 농가로 유통되고 있다. 본 연구에서 는 국내에서 재배되고 있는 자색계 패션프루트를 대상으로 2020년에 6종의 바이러스 감염률을 조사하였다. 중합효소연쇄반응을 이용하여 바이러스 감염 여부를 확인하였다. 조사 결과, 파파야잎말림광동바이러스 감염률이 68.3%으로 가장 높았고, 오이모자이크바이러스(51.6%), 등대풀잎말림 바이러스(48.3%), 동아시아시계초바이러스(33.3%), 패션프루트목질화바이러스(8.3%), 토마토황색잎말림바이러스(0%) 순이었다. 감염된 샘플 중 75%는 2종 이상의 바이러스에 복합 감염된 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구를 통해 국내에서 자색계 패션프루트의 바이러스병에 대한 정보를 제공하여 예찰 및 방제의 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다.

Coffee (Coffea L.) belongs to the family Rubiaceae and is a main cash crop for tropical farmers. It has more quantity of medicinal value and protein (25–28%). As an environmentally sensitive crop, climate change has a significant impact on the quality and stable production of coffee. To develop abiotic baroreceptors on the tolerance response in coffee, tremendous research is going on to improve the productivity under varying degrees of stress at various growth stages. Physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters change the productivity and quality of coffee. This paper reviews some of the important aspects of biotic and abiotic tolerance in coffee. We explain the best implementation methods for the improvement of coffee production and briefly advantages or importance of coffee in medicinal values, significances of biotechnological aspects and genetic engineering approaches for crop improvements.

우리나라에서 가장 남쪽에 위치한 제주도 지역은 겨울철 기후가 온화하여 올리브 재배가 가능할 것으로 판단되어 올리브 5 품종을 국내에 도입하고 시험재배를 통하여 수체생육 및 과실특성을 평가함으로써 제주도에서 올리브 재배가 가능한지를 검토하고자 수행하였다. 온난화대응농업연구소에서 올리브를 식재한 노지 시험포장의 일 평균, 최고, 최저 기온을 측정한 결과, 겨울철 최저 기온은 -5oC에서 -6oC이며 1월에서 2월 사이에 영하로 내려가는 날이 많았지만, 연중 기온 변화에 따른 올리브 수체생육은 정상적으로 잘 이루어졌다. 생물계절 양상은 잎눈이 발아하는 시기(BBCH 11)는 3월 30일~4월 10일, 꽃눈 출현(BBCH 51)은 4월 3일~4월 15일, 개화(BBCH 61) 는 5월 20일~5월 30일, 과실의 성숙(BBCH 81)은 10월 5일 ~11월 5일, 과실 수확(BBCH 89)은 11월 10일~11월 30일에 이루어졌다. 수체생육은 ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Maurino’ 품종들이 수세가 약하고 신초가 많이 발생하는 경향을 보였으며 ‘Frantoio’, ‘Leccino’, ‘Verdale’ 품종들은 수세가 강하고 신초 수가 적은 경향을 보였다. 품종별 개화특성은 ‘Maurino’ 품종이 다른 품종에 비해 다소 우수한 경향을 보였다. 과실 무게는 ‘Koroneiki’ 품종이 0.9 g으로 가장 낮았고 다른 품종들은 2.4 g에서 2.6 g으로 품종 간의 유의차는 없었다. 건조한 과실의 오일 함량은 품종간의 유의차는 없었으며 40.9% DW에서 43.7% DW의 오일 함량을 나타냈다. 정식 후 5년 후의 수확량은 모든 품종들이 5,290 g/tree~5,820 g/tree으로 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하면 제주도에 도입한 올리브 5품종들은 겨울철 최저기온에 정상적으로 생육하였고 과실 수확이 가능했다. 따라서 우리나라 제주도 지역에서는 올리브 노지재 배가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of bear, pig, and cow biles to determine their authenticities for safe food distribution. The main bile acids of bear bile were tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, while glycochenodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid for pig bile and taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid for cow bile were majorly detected by HPLC analysis. HPLC analysis was effective in monitoring of several samples imported as bear bile if employed to determine the authenticity of each bile. After the analysis of fatty acid composition by GC analysis, the ratio of the oleic acid of bear bile was relatively low compared to pig and cow biles. The ratio of the linoleic acid of bear bile was also similar to pig bile, whereas it had a tendency to be high compared to cow bear. The genetic analysis of the imported bile samples was mostly in agreement with the results of HPLC and GC analysis to identify the origin of imported biles. Finally, this study on the identification of bile origin by physicochemical analysis can give basic information to monitor the origin of biles and further to establish a reliable system for bear bile distribution.

This study analyzes the chemical composition of green tea, white tea, yellow tea, oolong tea and black tea with respect to extraction temperature and time. The optimum extraction conditions for these teas were determined by assessing the chemical composition of tea brewed at different temperature (50, 60, 70, 80℃) and extraction times (1, 3, 5, 10 minute). Catechins contents were the largest at 5 minutes and generally declined by 10 minutes. Green tea catechins contents were highest when brewed at 70℃ and besides other teas a change of the trend variation at 70 and 80℃. These temperatures did not extract theaflavins in green tea. Extract temperature and time did not significantly affect theaflavins content of white tea, yellow tea, and oolong tea. Black tea, however, was noticeably dependent on extract conditions, which were most effective at 70℃, brewed for 5 minutes. Caffeine content of green tea, yellow tea, and oolong tea was highest at 5 minutes, but temperature did not appear to affect the content. White tea and black tea caffeine content was highest when brewed at 70℃ for 5 minutes. Theobromine content of green tea, yellow tea, oolong tea, and black tea did not show major differences between the study times or temperature, though the content in white tea increased with higher temperatures when brewed for 5 minutes. The extraction of phenolic compounds increased until 5 minutes, and showed not further increase at 10 minutes. Antioxidant capacity of green tea, white tea, and yellow tea were maximized at 70℃ for 5 minutes or 80℃ for 3 minutes, while oolong and black tea were reached maximum antioxidants at 70℃ for 5 minutes. In general, to optimize the beneficial chemical content of brewed tea, a water temperature of 70℃ for 5 minutes is recommended.

This study estimates the classification criteria which distinguishes the types of omega-3 health functional foods, fish oils and fish oil usages through 13C-NMR spectra and fatty acids contents analysis. The major fatty acids of omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) are being analyzed. 10 ethyl ester (EE) forms and 10 triglyceride (TG) forms are the most common types of fish oils for 20 omega-3 products. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis generally shows the matching EPA and DHA contents of the products listed on the notation. But EE form contents of EPA and DHA are higher and are more varied than the TG form. Most of the samples of EPA/DHA ratio show different content ratios of indicated on the products when comparing with standards. The 13C-NMR analysis of EPA and DHA on sn-1,3 and sn-2 carbonyl peak position with fish oil triglycerides display whether the reconstituted triglycerides (rTG) are being confirmed or not. As a result of the 9 TG form, the 10 TG products showed similar values: EPA sn-1, 3; 13.46~15.66, sn-2; 3.00~4.52, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.43~4.40, sn-2; 3.84~6.36. But one product showed lower contents (EPA: sn-1, 3; 5.88, sn-2; 2.86, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.29, sn-2; 5.95) of EPA, thus it can be considered a different type of oil and only matched six products according to the label. This study is intended to provide basic materials which identify the status for the types and quality of omega-3 fish oil products according to fatty acids profiles and the 13C-NMR spectrum confirmed the location specificity of EPA and DHA.

As the global trend of Retro combined with the tendency of individualism which respects dramatic change and diversity in the 21st century, Goth subculture of Korea developed into various popular styles. This study, noticing the influences of Goth to the Korean youth culture and fashion trends, intends to examine the current fashion trends to analyze the various aspects of the influences of Goth to the Korean youth culture. To do this, various documents and numerous Internet materials on the Korean Goth culture are comprehensively reviewed, and the Goth look images of popular stars, photographs from fashion magazines and fashion collections are gathered, analysed, and classified into types, and the specific characteristics of these types are comprehensively analysed. According to the result of this research, Punk Goth look, departing from the sensational and aggressive style of Punk look, expresses sexy and luxurious images, while Romantic Goth look shows the brilliant and cheerful style by mixing the cute girlish image and the elegant feminine image of exaggerated details and voluminous silhouette. Avant garde Goth look parodies Goth image by using the dramatic effects of Goth images or is expressed in performances. Sexy Goth look, which reveals the sexual attractiveness of men and women much more assertively, tries to do suggestive representation and excessive exposure of human body. Dandy Goth look, which has the simple and modern line, expresses the calm and chic feeling by employing basic items with minimized details and coordinating unique accessories for accent.

Effect of gamma irradiation on quality properties of half-cooked noodle was studied. The noodle were treated with lactic acid(0.1%, w/w), heat(10 min in boiling water) or their combination after cooking for 3 min, and irradiated at 0, 5 and 10 kGy. The noodle were stored at 25℃ for 5 weeks and microbial population, Aw, pH, and texture profiles were examined. Fungi were completely eliminated by gamma-irradiation with 5 or 10 kGy does. Number of aerobic bacteria were also decreased by 2 and 4 log cycles with dose of 5 and 10 kGy, respectively. The D_(10) values of aerobic bacteria were 2.34-2.95 kGy. Growth of the aerobic bacteria that survived even at 10 kGy of irradiation were significantly inhibited during storage. Acidification of half-cooked noodle was suppressed by gamma irradiation but A_w were not affected. Stickiness was decreased at the beginning of storage by gamma irradiation but was restored after 3 weeks. The results indicated that the gamma irradiation would be useful to improve quality and storage stability of half-cooked noodle.

본 연구는 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 다양한 약용식품으로 사용되고 있는 올리브 잎과 가지 추출물의 항염증 효과를 확인하였다. 올리브 잎과 가지 추출물은 각각 RAW 264.7 세포에 대하여 세포독성을 나타내지 않았고, LPS 자극에 의한 NO 및 PGE2 생성을 농도 의존적으로 억제했다. 또한, 올리브 추출물은 LPS 자극으로 분비된 TNF-α, IL-1β 및 IL-6의 전염증성 cytokine의 분비량을 억제하였으며, 특히 200 μg/mL 농도에서 올리브 가지 추출물이 잎 추출물 보다 IL-6를 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 대표적인 염증 관련 신호 전달 경로 인자인 iNOS 및 COX-2의 발현을 검토한 결과 올리브 추출물은 iNOS의 발현을 농도의존적으로 현저히 감소시키는 것으로 관찰되었으나, 각각의 올리브 추출물이 COX-2 발현에는 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 올리브 각 부위별 추출물은 모두 iNOS 및 NO 조절 경로를 조절하는 것으로 사료되나 iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질 발현은 병립적이지 않을 수 있음을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구 결과로 올리브 추출물이 독성과 부작용이 적은 항염증 효능을 가진 기능성 화장품 소재로써 개발 가능성이 있다고 사료된다.

Activity of the noncontacted low temperature atmospheric pressure surface discharged plasma (LASDP) converts stable gas to ionized gas known as discharge or plasma. This ionized gas exhibits the antimicrobial activity. We examined the effects of 3 different storage treatments for 80 days on ‘Setoka’ : ambient storage (AS), low-tempperature storage (LTS), and low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma+low-tempperature storage (PLTS). Total soluble solids showed no the significant differences between the 3 treatments. Acidity gradually decreased, and was 0.5% under AS after 30 days of storage. Fruit firmness increased by a few percent until 40 days of storage. Weight loss in AS was higher than for other treatments. After 80 days of storage, the decay ratio was significantly low in PLTS treatment: (AS, 50.5%; LTS, 5.6%; PLTS, 1.9%). In AS treatment, 73% of the rotten fruits were infected particularly with green and blue mold; however, only 1% of the rotten fruits were infected in case of PLTS treatment. In conclusion, LASDP treatment can pre

The major objective of this study was to investigate the usability as cultivar for processing of new Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam'. We investigated various antioxidant activities, such as DPPH radical, ABTS radical, Hydroxyl radical and Superoxide anion radical effect, along with total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content of Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam', C. unshiu, C. natsudaidai. The total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content were the highest in the Hamilgam. The major flavonoids of Hamilgam and Natsudaidai were naringin and neohesperidin, and those of Unshu were narirutin and hesperidin, as determined by HPLC. Especially, the neohesperidin content of Hamilgam showed much higher (100 times over) than that of Unshu. However, the aglycone form was not found. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were the highest in Hamilgam peels. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was high in the order of Unshu, Hamilgam and Natsudaidai. Superoxide anion radical scavenging of 3 cultivars peels displayed low activities compared to DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging. Based on these results, Hamilgam peel extracts possess antioxidant activities and may thus serve as potential sources of functional food, cosmetic products, etc.

감귤의 유망품종인 세토카의 저장 중 품질변화 양상을 구명하고자 관행인 무포장과 LDPE로 포장하여 상온()과 저온()에서 저장기간에 따른 품질요소를 분석하였다. 감모율은 상온+무포장 처리구에서 현저하게높았으나 LDPE포장 처리구는 중량감소 억제 효과가 뛰어나 상온저장도 외부적인 품질 유지에 효과적이었다. 부패율은 온도의 편차가 큰 상온에서, 그리고 습도가 항상 높게 유지된 LDPE포장 처리구에서 높았다. 호흡량은 다른 감귤류의 품종보다 다소

A new early maturing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) ‘'Haryejosaeng’' was developed as a nucellar seedling selection of ‘'Tachima Wase’' (C. unshiu Marc.) that was crossed with C. natsudaidai Hayata at the National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture in Jeju island in 1992. The ‘'Jegam ga No. 2’', a first selection from the seedlings fruited in 2001 was finally named “"Haryejosaeng”" through field evaluation trials at three locations in Jeju island from 2003 to 2004. ‘'Haryejosaeng’' produces seedless fruit maturing in early November, and has higher soluble solids and lower acidity than ‘'Miyagawa Wase’', the leading early-maturing satsuma mandarin cultivar in Jeju island. Fruit weight is moderate at about 80～90 g and its shape is compressed-oblate globose with a light orange color. The rind thickness of about 2 mm provides easy peeling. The flesh shows light orange colored and contains 10 to 11 Brix and 1 to 1.1% acidity when mature. Tree shows vigorous growth and spreading thornless twigs. Alternate bearing is similar to ‘iyagawa Wase’ ‘aryejosaeng’is susceptible to citrus scab disease and melanose, but resistant to citrus canker.