Riptortus pedestris possesses Burkholderia as gut symbiont in a symbiotic organ M4 midgut. To answer why Burkholderia symbionts are not eliminated by Riptortu s immune responses, we developed two hypotheses: (i) Burkholderia symbionts do not activate host innate immunity, or (ii) Burkholderia symbionts are resistant to th e host immune responses. For the first hypothesis, we compared the antimicrobial activities of the cultured Burkholderia-injected hemolymph and symbiotic Burkhol deria-injected hemolymphs. As a result, the symbiotic Burkholderia induced antim icrobial activity like the cultured Burkholderia, indicating the symbiotic cells are st ill immunogentic to host. However, when the activated hemolymph was treated to the Burkholderia cells, the symbiotic Burkholderia showed much higher susceptibi lity than the cultured Burkholderia. To understand molecular basis of these results, we purified antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from Riptortus hemolymph. Similarly, the symbiotic Burkholderia exhibited the high susceptibility to the purified AMPs, riptocin and rip-defensin. To understand how symbiotic Burkholderia can survive in host in spite of their immuno-susceptibility, we examined the AMP expression i n the M4 midgut. Interestingly, the expression of AMPs is suppressed in the M4 mi dgut in comparison to that of the fat body. Finally, we proposed that the immuno-su sceptibility of Burkholderia symbiont helps them to retain in the symbiotic organ. Our in vivo data showing the rapid clearance of the symbiotic Burkholderia after inj ection to host Riptortus supports our proposal.

본 논문에서는 노심용융사고 시 관통노즐이 제거된 원자로용기 하부헤드의 구조 건전성 평가를 수행하였다. 열응력, 노심용융물의 질량 그리고 내압조건의 해석결과를 고려할 때, 하부헤드의 열응력에 의한 영향이 가장 크게 나타났다. 손상 가능성은 파손기준에 따라 평가하였으며, 등가소성변형률이 임계변형률 파손기준보다 낮은 수준으로 평가되었다. 열-구조물 연성해석 결과 하부헤드의 두께 중간층에서 항복강도보다 낮은 응력이 발생한 탄성영역 구간을 확인하였다. 내압이 커지면서 탄성영역 범위가 점차 좁아지면서 탄성영역이 내벽으로 이동하는 결과를 확인하였고, 노심용융사고 시 구조적 건전성을 만족하는 것으로 평가되었다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of gait training using functional electrical stimulation on the improvement of hemiplegic patients' functions for balance and gait velocity. The subjects of the experiment were determined to be 10 each hemiplegic patients who had been diagnosed with stroke or brain damage six months or longer earlier assigned to an experimental group and a control group respectively. The subjects were evaluated before the experiment using Tetrax and 10M gait tests, received gait training five times a week for four weeks using functional electrical stimulation and were evaluated after the experiment in the same method as used in the evaluation before the experiment. In order to examine differences between the experimental group that received gait training using functional electrical stimulation and the control group that was treated by functional electrical stimulation and received gait training thereafter, differences between before and after the experiment were analyzed using paired sample t-tests and differences in changes after the experiment between the experimental group and the control group were analyzed using independent sample t-tests in order to compare the two groups with each other. Experimental results showed significant differences in weight bearing, balance and gait velocity between before and after the experiment in the experimental group(p<.05). In the control group, whereas weight bearing and gait velocity did not show any significant difference between before and after the experiment(p>.05), balance showed significant differences(p<.05). Weight bearing, balance and gait velocity change rates showed significant differences between the experimental group and the control group(p<.05). In conclusion, it was indicated that gait training using functional electrical stimulation is effective for enhancing stroke patients' weight bearing rates, balance abilities and gait velocity.

This study aims to reveal how EA affects BAX and NF-kB involved in cell deaths from global ischemia, and to do this, observes the changes of BAX and NF-kB caused by EA application after transient global ischemia. The experimental method is to give rise to global ischemia and apply EA to 27 SD rats with the particulars of being six-week-old, male, around-300 gram-weighing, and adapted to laboratory environment for more than a week, and divide them into three groups, that is, GV20 EA group(n=9), L14 EA group(n=9), no-treatment GI group(n=9), and then observe their changes of BAX and NF-kB at the time lapse of 6 hours, 9 hours and 12 hours after ischemia, using western blotting. The numerical decrease of BAX expression at the time lapse of 9 hours after EA application, though not statistically significant, was observed in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, and the NF-kB expression appeared statistically significant decrease in GV20 EA group and L14 EA group, but the expression was higher in the group with EA application. Therefore, EA application at the early phase of global ischemia is considered to affect BAX and NF-kB and play a positive role in decreasing apoptosis and cell deaths by inflammation.