Advertisement allows for multimodal access to sounds, colors, picture animations, and diverse symbols. Little research has reported the interrelationship among multimodality, discursive practice, and media effects in English language education. This study aims to conduct a multimodal approach to discourse analysis on the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) in TV advertisements and to explore the unique significance of the research methodology. The multimodality in three TV Ads (A, B, C) was investigated by referring to Halliday's systemic functional grammar, social semiotics’ visual grammar, and typography’s distinctive features. Royce’s intersemiotic complementarity was also employed as an analytic framework for the collected multimodal data from three domains (representational, interpersonal, and textual/compositional) of meaning-making schemes. It was found that different modes (language, typography, visual image) acted complementarily and efficiently to deliver the message of TOEIC: problem-solving ‘skill’ in A, financial 'support and return’ in B, and ‘AI database’ in C. Further research is also discussed, especially with regard to ‘critical’ approaches to multimodal discourse studies.

Novel Ni- and Fe-based alloys are developed to impart improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The designed alloys are manufactured as a powder and deposited on a steel substrate using a high-velocity oxygen-fuel process. The coating layer demonstrates good corrosion resistance, and the thus-formed passive film is beneficial because of the Cr contained in the alloy system. Furthermore, during low-temperature heat treatment, factors that deteriorate the properties and which may arise during high-temperature heat treatment, are avoided. For the heattreated coating layers, the hardness increases by up to 32% and the corrosion resistance improves. The influence of the heat treatment is investigated through various methods and is considered to enhance the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the coating layer.

In the present study, we develop a conductive copper/carbon nanomaterial additive and investigate the effects of the morphologies of the carbon nanomaterials on the conductivities of composites containing the additive. The conductive additive is prepared by mechanically milling copper powder with carbon nanomaterials, namely, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and/or few-layer graphene (FLG). During the milling process, the carbon nanomaterials are partially embedded in the surfaces of the copper powder, such that electrically conductive pathways are formed when the powder is used in an epoxy-based composite. The conductivities of the composites increase with the volume of the carbon nanomaterial. For a constant volume of carbon nanomaterial, the FLG is observed to provide more conducting pathways than the MWCNTs, although the optimum conductivity is obtained when a mixture of FLG and MWCNTs is used.

본 연구는 증강현실 홈 트레이닝 시스템을 통해 가상 참여자의 존자개 사용자에게 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 한다. 구체적으로, 가상의 참여자가 제공되는 경우와 아닌 경우의 몰입, 인지된 경쟁, 그리고 정보 습득의 욕구의 차이에 대해 살펴보았다. 자동으로 실험 참여자들의 자세에 따른 정확도와 피드백을 제공하는 홈 트레이닝 시스템을 직접 개발하였고, 이를 활용하여 다음의 세 가지 가설을 실증하였다. 첫째, 가상의 참여자를 보며 트레이닝 시스템을 사용하면 그렇지 않은 경우보다 몰입이 더욱 높을 것이다. 둘째, 가상의 참여자를 보며 트레이닝 시스템을 사용하면 그렇지 않은 경우보다 인지된 경쟁이 더욱 높을 것이다. 셋째, 가상의 참여자를 보며 트레이닝 시스템을 사용하면 그렇지 않은 경우보다 정보 습득의 욕구가 더욱 높을 것이다. 실험을 통해 세 가지 가설이 모두 지지되었으며, 가상의 참여자가 이용자에 영향을 미침을 확인할 수 있었다. 기존 연구가 가상 트레이닝 시스템 그 자체에 대한 효과를 보는 것에 반해, 본 연구가 가상 트레이닝 시스템을 이용할 때 다른 운동 참여자가 나오는 영상을 보는 것이 유의한가에 대한 답을 하고 있다는 점에서 시사점을 제공한다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of nicotinic acid during in vitro fertilization (IVF) in frozen-thawed bull sperm . The ejaculated semen was diluted with Triladyl containing 20% egg-yolk and cryopreserved in liquid notrigen. The frozen sperm was thawed for 45 seconds in the 38℃ water bath. Sperm was diluted with IVF medium (Bovine-Oviduct medium; BO) containing 0, 15, 30 and 60 mM nicotinic acid (NA), which were incubated at 39℃, 5% CO2 for 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4h. The characteristics of frozen-thawed sperm were estimated with SYBR14/PI double staining for viability, FITC-PNA/PI for outer acrosomal membrane damage and Rhodamine123/PI for mitochondrial integrity using flow cytometry. And the sperm ability was analysed by Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining for acrosome reaction state and Rose bengal staining for abnormality. Acrosome reaction and abnormality were analyzed using a microscope. In results, sperm viability was significantly higer in 30 mM group than 0 and 15 mM groups at 1 and 2 h (p<0.05). Outer acrosomal membrane damage was significantly lower in 30 mM group than 0 and 15 mM groups at 1, 2 and 4 h (p<0.05). And mitochondrial integrity was significantly higher in 30 mM group than 0 and 15 mM groups at 2 and 4 h (p<0.05). Also, acrosome reaction was significantly lower in 30 mM than 0 and 15 mM groups at 1 and 2 h (p<0.05) and abnormality was lower NA groups than 0 group at 1 h (p<0.05). In couclusion, we suggest that using the thawing medium containing NA for sperm dilution can be benefical for IVF in bulls

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of sperm cryosurvival in boar sperm separated by Percoll containing antioxidant enzymes. The boar semen was collected into a pre-warmed (37℃) thermos bottle by gloved-hand method and was separated by 65% Percoll with superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) before freezing. The frozen sperm was thawed at 38.5℃ for 45 sec in water-bath for sperm characteristic analysis. The sperm were estimated with SYBR14/PI double staining for viability, FITC-PNA/PI double staining for acrosome reaction, Rhodamine123/PI double staining for mitochondrial integrity and were analyzed using flow cytometry. In results, sperm viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondrial integrity were improved in separated sperm groups compared with unseparated sperm by Percoll (UP) group. Especially, viability was significantly higher in sperm separated by Percoll containing 400 IU CAT group compared with other groups (P<0.05). And acrosome reaction was decreased in sperm separated by Percoll with 300 IU SOD, 400 IU CAT and 0.5 mM GSH groups compared with other groups, however, there were no significantly difference mitochondrial integrity among sperm separated by Percoll with antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, we suggest that use of Percoll containing antioxidant enzymes for sperm separation will be beneficial for sperm cryopreservation in pigs.

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme during in vitro development with washing culture oil in porcine embryos. During the culture, the four types of culture oil such as paraffin oil with or without washing and mineral oil with or without washing were examined. The oil was washed with PZM-3 during 7 days and collected oil only. The embryos were stained with CellTrackerTM Red, DC-FDA and Hoechst 33342 to confirm the effects of the oil. As a results, Cleavage rates and total cell number were no difference among the four oil groups. However, ≥16 cell embryos were significantly different in fore type oil treat-ment and blastocyst rate was significantly higher washing paraffin treatment than in other group(p<0.05). Also, the expression of free radical were lower in washing paraffin oil than in other groups (p<0.05). On the other hand, the expression of glutathione were not significant different among paraffin oil with or without washing and mineral oil with or without washing, however washing paraffin oil and washing mineral groups were higher than other treat-ment groups. In conclusion, the washing oil was expected with positive effects on in vitro development in porcine embryos.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (vit. D) levels on metabolism of various minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr. The comparison was made on the rats that were placed on diet containing powdered skim milk with different Ca and vit. D levels for 5 weeks. A total of 42 5-week-old Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups as follows: Control group consisted of normal Ca and normal vit. D (0.5% Ca, 1,000 IU vit. D); Experimental groups were divided into low (0.25%) and high (1.0%) calcium levels; and vit. D group was divided into low (10 IU), normal (1,000 IU), and high (5,000 IU) subgroups. The weight gain and food efficiency ratios of the rats were not significantly different with increasing dietary Ca levels. The absorption rates of 7 minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr) were significantly decreased with increasing dietary Ca levels. Also, fecal excretion of P significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.05), and urine excretion of Fe was significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.001). The result indicated that higher Ca intake affected on bioavailability of other minerals, due to interactions among minerals in the process of intestinal absorption. However, vitamin D intake had no effect on bioavailability of several minerals. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate Ca intake is important for balance of the minerals.

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of obesity indices among the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%), and to determine which is the most useful index to predict the risk of chronic diseases of elderly people. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 261 (68 men and 193 women) with age ≥60 years. The distribution of obesity using 3 obesity indices in the subjects with hypertension, diabetes, or arthritis was BF%>WC>BMI in elderly men and WC>BF%>BMI in elderly women. In elderly women, odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension in BMI and WC quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The ORs for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and arthritis in BF% quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 3 and 4 (p<0.05). The BF% was sensitive obesity index for predicting the occurrence of chronic disease in men, and the WC was sensitive index in women. Our results suggested maintaining BMI less than 23.5 kg/m2, WC less than 82 cm, and BF less than 35% in order to prevent chronic diseases in elderly women.

본 논문에서는 노심용융사고 시 관통노즐이 제거된 원자로용기 하부헤드의 구조 건전성 평가를 수행하였다. 열응력, 노심용융물의 질량 그리고 내압조건의 해석결과를 고려할 때, 하부헤드의 열응력에 의한 영향이 가장 크게 나타났다. 손상 가능성은 파손기준에 따라 평가하였으며, 등가소성변형률이 임계변형률 파손기준보다 낮은 수준으로 평가되었다. 열-구조물 연성해석 결과 하부헤드의 두께 중간층에서 항복강도보다 낮은 응력이 발생한 탄성영역 구간을 확인하였다. 내압이 커지면서 탄성영역 범위가 점차 좁아지면서 탄성영역이 내벽으로 이동하는 결과를 확인하였고, 노심용융사고 시 구조적 건전성을 만족하는 것으로 평가되었다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between fertility and protein pattern change using in vitro fertilization, analysis of sperm characteristics and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in different pig types. In results, the viability and mitochondria integrity of sperm were higher significantly (p<0.05) but the portions of ac-rosome reaction was lower significantly (p<0.05) in Duroc and F1 (potbellied×PWG miniature pig) than PWG minia-ture. On in vitro fertilization to investigate fertility, the fertility of F1 semen war higher significantly (p<0.05) than in Duroc and PWG miniature pig. On the other hand, protein patterns showed similar function among the different boar semen. Especially, the heat shock 70 kDa 1-like and G patch domain-containing protein 4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher expressed in F1 than in Duroc and PWG miniature pig. The proteins associated with mitochondria in Duroc were significantly (p<0.05) higher expressed than in F1 and PWG miniature pig. The developmental rates to blastocyst stage of oocytes fertilized with sperm of F1 pig were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in PWG miniature pig. However, phosphoglycerate kinase 2 and zinc finger protein 431 were significantly (p<0.05) higher expressed in PWG miniature pig than in F1 and Duroc pigs. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that different proteins were expressed in different pig types, and were associated with a sperm functions and embryo develop-ment.

An uterus is female reproductive tract organ that affected estrus cycle. During a various changes occur at uterus in estrus cycle, one of them is body fluids secretion be called uterine fluid. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the changes of protein patterns using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in uterus fluids during the follicular and luteal phases in estrus cycle of pigs. In changes of protein spots were confirmed during the follicular and luteal phases. The 136 spots were expressed in follicular phase, the 57 spots of them showed reproducibility. On the other hand, the 140 spots were expressed in luteal phase, the 73 spots of them showed reproducibility. Also, spots expressed in follicular phase were number 69 and 94 spots and spots expressed in luteal phase only were number 156, 157, 184～187, 190 and 191 spots. The spots which of higher expression levels in the luteal phase than in follicular phase were number 76 and 79 spots. In conclusion, the spots expressed in follicular and luteal phases were confirmed with difference levels and these differences are function of RNA resolving, protein synthesis and cytoskeletal architecture.