Advertisement allows for multimodal access to sounds, colors, picture animations, and diverse symbols. Little research has reported the interrelationship among multimodality, discursive practice, and media effects in English language education. This study aims to conduct a multimodal approach to discourse analysis on the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) in TV advertisements and to explore the unique significance of the research methodology. The multimodality in three TV Ads (A, B, C) was investigated by referring to Halliday's systemic functional grammar, social semiotics’ visual grammar, and typography’s distinctive features. Royce’s intersemiotic complementarity was also employed as an analytic framework for the collected multimodal data from three domains (representational, interpersonal, and textual/compositional) of meaning-making schemes. It was found that different modes (language, typography, visual image) acted complementarily and efficiently to deliver the message of TOEIC: problem-solving ‘skill’ in A, financial 'support and return’ in B, and ‘AI database’ in C. Further research is also discussed, especially with regard to ‘critical’ approaches to multimodal discourse studies.

This paper is intended to explore the otherness of ‘non-mainstream’ graduate students specializing in applied linguistics at various departments of English language and literature in Korea. Drawing on Honneth’s theory of recognition and its ideology, it attempted to understand the way their ‘professional identities’ are constructed both within and without the related academic communities. Through interviews and reflection journals, the lived stories of research participants illustrated that their trajectories of growth were not a transmission of knowledge and skills in applied linguistics, and that Honneth’s threefold conceptualization of intersubjective recognition (love, rights, solidarity) was usefully applied to the sociopolitical inquiry of ‘becoming professional.’ They did not feel a sense of affection, were not respected as rights-holders, and did not have mutual esteem and solidarity. The non-mainstream students strived for recognition in the graduate program by voicing their emotions in their qualitative research papers and improving their limited proficiency of English which, however, led to ‘uncritical’ conformity. They lost the emancipatory struggle for their independent and scholarly selves. The model of mutual recognition is expected to show good potential as an analytic tool for understanding the motivational and justificatory basis for social struggles. Further research is suggested to examine how Honneth’s theory can help in understanding people in different disciplines.

By reviewing different theoretical backgrounds behind knowledge, politics, and power of language in critical approaches to applied linguistics, this study introduces a newly constructed foundation for critical research, so called, Foucault’s ‘thoughts from outside.’ In order to understand Foucault’s experience of the outside, this study firstly explores the meanings of prohibition and transgression in literary texts, in which Foucault reflected the question of ‘limits.’ For example, research on Georges Batalille’s works provided an opportunity to consider the meaningfulness beyond the limitation of language. In the late works of governmentality and subjectification, Foucault also reinterpreted Kant’s concept of enlightenment and critique in the philosophy of actuality, defined as the ‘arts of existence’ or ‘critical ontology of ourselves.’ In this study, the critique as ethos is re-valued in an on-going inquiry and experimentation for the autonomous self-constitution of subject, which can be placed in the critical study of language, education, and society. Possible areas of research and L2 education (e.g., translingual practice, identity construction, narrative education) related to Foucault’s technological ways of living, as well as the limitations of this study, are also discussed.

In the past, measures for the reduction of industrial accidents has led the safety and health policy of construction sites by the guidance, supervision and the regulation according to「Occupation Safety and Health Act」handled by Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL). Nowadays companies realize that due to the factors such as diversification of employment types, outsourcing of hazardous work, new construction method and complicated types of construction, etc., there is a limit on safety management for construction sites as far as it is passively led by the governmental safety management policy and regulation. In this study, in order to practice the autonomous safety management escaping from the government-led safety management, improvement plans are proposed and applied by analyzing the basic cause of the all kinds of fall accidents that could possibly occur in the apartment construction sites and by verifying the hazardous factors and risks by fields.

Given the view of tests as mechanisms within a language policy framework (Shohamy, 2006), Korean proficiency tests are not only used as a way to measure language knowledge, but rather as tools to impose national ideologies about langage use and diversity. The field of Korean language testing needs to embrace sociopolitical dimensions, and engage what is going on value and consequence in test development and validation. By drawing upon a combined approach of Messick’s (1989) validity framework, Fairclough’s (2001) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Bachman and Palmer’s Assessment Use Arugment (AUA), this study aims to illustrate how the practice of testing can be discursively interpreted as a multilayered phenomenon, constituted through discourse. It discussed the applicability of AUA’s two claims (decisions, consequences) to the validation of Korean language proficiency or related certification testing for immigrants with foci of value implications and consequences. The interconnectedness of test validation and CDA is modelled through the procedure of Faircough’s (2001) analytic methodology. In an effort to illustrate that language testing is discursively value-laded, this study not only offer a theoretical and methodological addition to the current inquiry of test validation, but also re-emphasize that language testing is sociopolitically driven from a discursive angle.

In recent decades, there has been a tendency to frame language abilities as a set of technical skills that can be defined, quantified, measured, predicted and ultimately controlled. Language Policy and Planning (LPP), which is commodified, over-rationalized, technologized, and monolingually driven, has led to the current conventions of developing curriculum, materials, and tests of language learning in multicultural education. The purpose of this study is to examine the neoliberal (dominant) and alternative discourses on the LPP in Korean linguistic societies. It was firstly discussed that the neoliberal discourses have been ideologically embedded with economism, rationalism, technocentrism, and neoliberalism. Then the alternative discourses were explored through relevant literature in lingua franca, ecological linguistic environment, metrolingualism, and translingual practice. It was argued that neoliberally driven LPP restricts the use of different languages other than Korean-only or English-only, and, therefore, discriminate lingua franca users, metrolingual, ecolinguals, and translinguals. Following the critical views on the current LPP, further research issues regarding postcolonial translingualism, critical discourse analysis, poststructuralism, language-as-resource ideologies were suggested. As the neoliberal approach to LPP has become a common phenomenon, the meaningfulness should be seriously questioned in fast-approaching multicultural contexts of communication in Korea.

This study, drawing on critical discourse analysis methodologies, aims to show how Chinese international students are discursively represented in a Korean newspaper. Articles from the Chosun Ilbo were collected between 2008-2016. The media has framed social images on Chinese International students quite often from the Beijing Olympic torch relay in 2008. Following van Dijk’s (1998) ideological theory, macro- and micro-level of textual analysis were conducted. It was found that the two groups of ‘us’ and ‘them’ (Chinese international students) were dichotomized. It was enforced by discursive strategies such as conjugation, over-lexicalization, and delegitimization. As for the micro-level analysis, drawing on Halliday’s (1985) systemic functional grammar, three dimensions of analysis (ideational, interpersonal, and textual) were conducted to uncover the power relations under the linguistic forms. This study concludes that Chinese international students were represented by the ideological square of positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation.

Park, SooHyeon & Shin, Dongil. 2017. “A Critical Discourse Analysis on Immigrated Students' Language Competence”. The sociolinguistics Jouranl of Korea 25(3). 93~138. As one of the most important sites in which language policy is articulated and through which it is disseminated, printed media reportage plays important roles in agenda setting. Drawing on Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, this study examines the effects of intertextuality on the discursive construction of immigrated students and their language competency in selected Korean newspapers. It also aims to show how the newspapers employ specific discursive strategies to represent the immigrated students and their monolingual/bilingual competence from the neoliberal perspectives. Focusing on genre, style, and discourses, which are respectively associated with representational, identificational, and actional meaning of discourse, this study found that different discursive strategies were interwoven, and that they drew on deeply entrenched ideological beliefs about language and society, such as, language as language as problems, rights, capital, and resources It was concluded that the discourses in Korean media could be conceptualized in two intersecting continua informing social integration ideological debates.

Kim, KaHyun & Shin, Dongil. 2016. “A Critical Discourse Analysis on Global Talents and Their English Competence”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 249~280. The purpose of this study is to examine the media discourse on global talents and their English competence through critical discourse analysis. The special feature articles of the JoongAng daily newspaper on ‘global talent’ were traced and analyzed. The articles of JoongAng Sunday magazine on the global talent, which were published between January 2008 and March 2016, were also examined. The analysis drew upon the van Dijk’s (2009b) sociocognitive approach. By understanding how social cognition played its role in formative process of the discourse with linguistic features, the dialectical relationship of the dicourse and the society was inferred. Findings revealed the schema of the global companies, which counted human resources as the goal of management and essential part of their success, empathized individuals’ role and led them to make efforts. Microscopic linguistic features formed global talent discourses with being influenced and affecting the macroscopic structure. The media discourse often valued self-improvement, which involved neoliberalistic orientation of global companies.

느타리버섯에 주로 사용되는 영양원의 수입국별 성분분석 및 재배가능성을 검토하였다. 첫째로 수입국별 영 양원의 성분분석 결과, 중금속 농도는 불검출되거나 미량 조사되었고, 면실박의 총질소함량은 호주산에서 6.22%로 중국산이나 미국산보다 높았으며, 비트펄프는 수입국별 pH 및 화학성이 모두 대등하였다. 둘째로 영 양원별 물리성을 조사한 결과, 압력이 증가할수록 이집트산 비트펄프의 보수력이 높았고, 면실박의 경우 400hpa 및 500hpa에서 미국산의 용적수분함량이 가장 높았으며, 배지재료별 압력에 따른 가비중의 변화는 나 타나지 않았다. 셋째로 재료별로 혼합한 배지의 성분분석은 T2처리구에서 pH 5.51로 가장 높고, 총질소함량 도 2.45로 가장 높았으며, C/N율은 대조구가 28.18로 가장 높았다. 마지막으로 혼합배지에 따른 생육특성 및 수량성 조사 결과 초발이소요일수 및 생육일수는 각각 5일과 4일로 T2보다 짧았고, 수량성 및 생물학적 효율 은 T2를 제외한 처리구에서 모두 대등하였다. 이상의 결과 호주산 면실박을 제외한 재료들을 재배에 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 추후 수입국에 따른 계절별 수량성을 검토하여 배지의 안전성을 확보하여야 할 것 으로 판단되었다.

In this study spent mushroom substrate has ingredient raising rice bed soil. spent mushroom substrates are organiccontent is 60.72% were nitrogen - phosphoric acid - potassium is 1.39 - 0.89 - 0.81% of the chemical characteristics determine.Post-harvested mushroom substrates of the stabilization process, the temperature of the 20 days time progress in the pH of therise and fall of temperature down were germination index also 77, as identified, Spent mushroom substrate bed soil for raisingrice Ingredient to take advantage of the 20 days or more stabilization process needed to be investigated. Rice seed germinationcharacteristic is in the common bed soil for raising rice ingredients manufactured control group and the comparison in spentmushroom substrate is 10% or less of a mixed experimental population of the germination rate is 82% was more than averagedays to germination and germination energy, even a statistical significant difference is or control group than good level was ok.Growth initial also spent mushroom substrate is 10% or less of a mixed experimental population of shoot dry matter (top) andgrave less than control group higher as confirmed spent mushroom substrates are bed soil for raising rice ingredients are likely totake advantage of the high, as was the judge.

새송이버섯(Pleurotus eryngii)은 인기 있는 식용버섯 중의 하나로서 항산화, 항암 또는 면역조절 기능 등의 인체에 유익한 생리활성 기능을 지닌다. 본 연구에서는 새송이버섯 균사체 배양 시 커피음료 생산 과정으로부터 폐기되는 커피박(spent coffee ground: SCG) 첨가에 의한 균사체의 생장과 기능성의 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과, SCG(1-10%, w/v) 첨가 시 생장속도가 상당히 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 특히 1% SCG 첨가 시 무첨가에 비해 건조중량이 2.5배 증가함으로써 SCG가 탁월한 새송이버섯 균사체의 생장촉진제 기능이 제시되었다. SCG 첨가에 의하여 균사체의 polysaccharide 함량은 변화가 없었으나 polyphenol량 및 항산화능의 증대를 확인할 수 있었다.

According to Shohamy (2007), the tests of certain languages deliver messages and ideologies about the prestige, priorities and hierarchies of the languages, leading to policies of suppression of diversity. The test-driven language policies also lead to a narrow view of language as standardized and homogenous. The purpose of this paper is to contextualize English language tests in relation to language policy tools in Korea. The discussion of inappropriately used test-driven policies was supported by several test development cases in Korea, which appeared in newspaper articles, testing companies’ newsletters, or government documents. Different English language tests intended as language policy tools were categorized into three major situations: government-led, school-contextualized, and industry-based. It was argued that the English test-driven policy movement must have influenced teaching, learning, and the curriculum, to the extent that policy-making and testing essentially became synonymous.

Trichoderma harzianum 균사체를 Al2O3 입자와 마찰시킴으로써 Agrobacterium을 이용한 형질전환 에 효과적으로 이용할 수 있었다. Hygromycin 저항성 균사체 출현을 비교한 결과 형질전환 효율이 20% 정도로 나타났으며 대조군의 경우 형질전환균사체의 출현은 없었다. 2차례의 연속적인 항생제배지에서 선발을 거친 형질전환균사체들은 PCR에 의하여 안정적 DNA도입이 확인되었으며 RT-PCR에 의하여 target gene의 mRNA발현을 확인할 수 있었다. 현재까지 Agrobacterium을 이용한 T. harzianum 형질 전환은 보고된 바 없다.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 식용으로 재배되고 있는 팽이버섯의 균사체에 대하여 Agrobacterium을 이용한 형질전환을 시도하였다. 특히 물리적 연마제인 미세 aluminum oxide 입자를 팽이 균사체 와 함께 강하게 교반함으로써 물리적 상해를 지니는 균사체를 제조하였으며 감압침윤에 의한 Agrobacterium 이용 형질전환을 시도하였다. Hygromycin 저항성을 이용한 선발 결과, 대조군에 서는 균사체 생육이 전혀 관찰되지 않은 반면 물리적 상해군에서는 형질전환균사체 생육이 확인되 었다. Genomic DNA PCR에 의한 유전자 도입을 확인함으로써 팽이균사체에 대한 매우 간편한 형 질전환법을 제시할 수 있었다.

사과는 전 세계적으로 대표적 과수의 하나로서 우량 사과의 생산을 위하여 신속하고 경제적이며 정확한 사과바이러스 진단이 요구되고 있다. RT-PCR은 사과바이러스 진단을 위한 중요한 기술로 서 우선 시료조직의 분쇄 및 균질화를 통한 양질의 RNA 추출이 필수적이다. 그러나 분쇄작업은 다 량의 시료의 경우 많은 시간과 노동이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 조직 분쇄과정이 없이 단순 가열에 의한 RNA 추출을 시도하였으며 줄기조직이 잎조직보다 약간 더 적합함을 보여주었다. 그러나 RT-PCR에 의한 사과바이러스 진단에서는 모두 동일한 결과를 나타냈다. 이로써 사과 조직에 대한 단순가열로써 매우 간편하게 양질의 RNA추출이 가능함을 제시하였다.