Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of periodontal tissue and alveolar bone loss. To develop effective treatment strategies, a model that mimics this disease must be implemented. From this perspective, animal models can be used to investigate its mechanisms by reproducing disease progression and providing insights into host-microbe interactions, immune responses, and bone remodeling. In addition, periodontitis-associated bone loss fundamentally differs from systemic bone loss. Targeted treatments require distinguishing periodontitis-induced and systemic bone loss mechanisms. This review examines the rationale for using animal models in periodontal research and evaluates various experimental approaches, such as bacterial inoculation, ligature-induced periodontitis, and chemically induced inflammation. These models have advanced our understanding of periodontal disease but have limitations in replicating the chronic nature of periodontitis and human immune responses. However, current models cannot fully replicate chronic disease progression and human immune responses. Recent developments have focused on improving animal models to more accurately simulate disease progression and host responses, which has led to the elucidation of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of periodontitis and their relevance to the human dental environment. Moreover, new approaches, such as developing age-related periodontitis models and improving ligature techniques, could enhance experimental reproducibility and translational potential. Future studies are needed to reflect these improvements and enhance the clinical relevance of periodontitis models.

X-ray diffraction is widely used as a non-destructive method for measuring residual stress in crystalline materials, and is particularly useful as a technique for controlling residual stress that has been introduced during the heat treatment or surface treatment of metallic materials. Neutron stress measurement is gaining attention as an internal material measurement method. It complements the demerits of the X-ray method in that it measures stress in a very thin surface layer. The neutron stress measurement method, like the X-ray method, is based on the principle of crystal diffraction, and its penetration depth is about 1,000 times greater than that of the X-ray method and is suitable for measuring the inside of a material. This study investigated the residual stress measurement method using the sin2ψ method using shot-peened mechanical structural carbon steel. The non-destructive measurement using high-energy X-rays was compared with the residual stress measured using conventional laboratory X-rays, and the following results were obtained. The high intensity diffraction angles using highenergy X-rays are low, but can be measured with sufficient precision. Interpreting the three diffractions 633, 552, and 721 as a single diffraction profile allowed stress measurements to be made, and the calculated value was close to the weighted average of the intensity ratios. The results of the high-energy X-ray residual stress measurements were in good agreement with the results from laboratory X-rays, confirming the usefulness of this method as a non-destructive method of assessing stress deep inside materials.

This study analyzes the discourse of Korean internet users regarding patient clothing and identifies the changes to structure and content of clothing resulting from infectious disease outbreaks. The analysis draws on texts from Korean blogs, internet cafes, and news articles from 2011 to 2021 related to patient clothing. Using Ucinet 5 and NodeXL 1.0.1 programs, network density, centrality, and cluster analyses were conducted using the Wakita–Tsurumi algorithm. Additionally, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling was applied using Python 3.7 to further explore thematic patterns within the discourse. Throughout the period of study, it was found that users consistently discussed the specific purpose and functionality of patient clothing. Following the outbreak of COVID-19, the distribution and influence of keywords related to the functional aspects of patient clothing, such as “hygiene and safety,” significantly increased. An increased focus was placed on elements such as functionality, activity, autonomy, hygiene, and safety during the pandemic as public health concerns grew. It can be seen that patients increasingly share their experiences online and hospitalization rates surge during health crises; this study provides valuable insights into how the design of patient clothing can be improved through various informatics techniques. It underscores the evolving perception of patient clothing as essential medical equipment during health emergencies. In addition, it offers practical guidance for enhancing designs that better reflect shifting societal concerns, particularly regarding health, safety, and patient comfort.

This review examines the microstructural and mechanical properties of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by wrought processing and powder metallurgy (PM), specifically laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and hot isostatic pressing. Wrought methods, such as forging and rolling, create equiaxed alpha (α) and beta (β) grain structures with balanced properties, which are ideal for fatigue resistance. In contrast, PM methods, particularly LPBF, often yield a martensitic α′ structure with high microhardness, enabling complex geometries but requiring post-processing to improve its properties and reduce stress. The study evaluated the effects of processing parameters on grain size, phase distribution, and material characteristics, guiding the choice of fabrication techniques for optimizing Ti-6Al-4V performance in aerospace, biomedical, and automotive applications. The analysis emphasizes tailored processing to meet advanced engineering demands.