Any type of nuclear arms control or disarmament agreement requires some form of verification measure. Existing nuclear arms control treaties drew upon previous agreements such as the INF treaty, START, and IAEA nuclear safeguards inspections. However, previous treaties focused on limiting specific types of nuclear weapons and their delivery vehicles or reducing the total number of nuclear weapons rather than eliminating the nuclear enterprise as a whole. A potential nuclear disarmament verification treaty or agreement will depend on the geopolitical environment of the time as well as the national policies and priorities of each signatory state. Although research on the gradual reduction and eventual elimination of nuclear weapons is still ongoing, several states have cooperated to conduct experiments, exercises, and simulations on the procedures and technologies required for nuclear disarmament verification. Three of these efforts are the LETTERPRESS simulation conducted by the Quadrilateral Nuclear Verification Partnership (QUAD), NuDiVe Exercise conducted by the International Partnership for Nuclear Disarmament Verification (IPNDV), and the Menzingen experiment organized by the UNIDIR in partnership with the Swiss Armed Forces, Spiez Laboratory, Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security, and the Open Nuclear Network. These contain aspects for the development of a potential nuclear disarmament verification. The LETTERPRESS exercise conducted in 2017 tested potential activities and equipment inspectors might utilize in a nuclear weapon facility. The IPNDV NuDiVe exercises conducted in 2021 and 2022 tested the activities and equipment required for the verified dismantlement of a warhead within a dismantlement facility. Finally, the Menzingen experiment conducted in 2023 tested the practical procedures for the verification of a nuclear weapon’s absence at a storage site. This paper will analyze the three cases to offer considerations on the procedures and technologies future nuclear disarmament verification might include.

Arms control treaties during the Cold War generally used national technical means (NTM) to verify treaty compliance. This was because signatory states refused to agree on on-site inspection (OSI) measures since it would require some level of intrusion. Efforts on nuclear arms control such as the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) or Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) initially included some form of OSI but could not continue due to refusal from signatory states. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) treaty concluded between the US and the Soviet Union in 1978 was significant since both states agreed on a highly intrusive verification measure. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and the new START also called for OSI measures similar to the INF. Alongside reducing a significant number of nuclear warheads and limiting specific types of nuclear warhead delivery vehicles, these treaties also provided basic models for conducting on-site inspection (OSI). OSI measures primarily rely on the political agreement between signatory states. However, the structure, types of inspections, number of inspections allowed, and technology/equipment used in each of the regimes also differ according to the objectives of each treaty. The INF treaty and START are salient cases as basic models for current nuclear disarmament verification research. Thus, this paper will conduct a case study on the procedures and mechanisms required for nuclear arms control verification in terms of OSI. Using the implications drawn from the INF treaty and START, this paper offers considerations for a potential nuclear disarmament verification.

Monitoring a state that intentionally hides its nuclear activity via open-source information is akin to looking through a black box. Direct information on the state’s nuclear activity remains in the dark, leaving scholars to speculate how much nuclear material or warheads are being produced. Nevertheless, a state’s nuclear program consists of a complex network that ranges from producing weapon-grade nuclear materials by operating its nuclear facilities to securing resources to fund these activities. These indirect activities allow a narrow window of opportunity for researchers to map a state’s activity that sometimes may not be directly linked to nuclear activity per se but is significant to maintaining and operating its nuclear program. These may include malicious cyberattacks to steal or launder cryptocurrency and facilitating cooperation with fellow rogue states that do not comply with the NPT and nuclear nonproliferation regime. The problem lies in how researchers can map this network. Much of the literature that uses text analysis uses data from either (1) formal statement, reports, and documents or (2) journal articles to extract relations between topics that is otherwise difficult to surmise. This study, however, analyzes news articles containing keywords related to a states’ nuclear activity such as international sanctions, trade activities, other states’ policy etc. While news articles fail to live up to the academic rigor of journal articles and unlike formal documents may sometime contain misinformation or incorrect facts, they are a valuable medium to show the day-to-day activity of a state. Although bias may exist as particular news articles may or may not be chosen for text analysis, by using articles collected from 2021 to 2022, this study argues it is enough data to show a short-term trend in nuclear activity.

Background: Volleyball is a team sport that requires a lot of movement and explosive movement. Volleyball players have different roles depending on their position. The reason is that the spiker or center is tall and the libero or setter is relatively small compared to other positions. Objectives: To investigate a difference in basic physical fitness according to the positions of volleyball players and to examine the correlation between basic physical fitness items. Design: Correlational research designs. Methods: A total of 33 male professional volleyball players were recruited for each position by position: 15 spikers, 7 centers, 5 setters, and 6 liberos. Muscle endurance, power, agility, and balance ability were measured as basic physical fitness items. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in agility according to each position (P<.05), and a positive correlation was indicated in muscle endurance and power (P<.05). Conclusion: A training program can be developed based on the correlation between training and basic physical fitness according to the positions of volleyball players.

This study provides step-by-step suggestions for expanding the foundation of Korean language education and the systematic teaching and learning of the Korean language in New Northern Policy countries. To this end, a literature review was undertaken to explore the existing knowledge in the field, and surveys and online interviews were conducted with local experts. According to the surveys, the New Northern Policy countries were highly accepting of multilingualism and multiculturalism, currently using the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) to accommodate the global standard education model and seeking to strengthen English education in accordance with the de-Russian trend. Also based on CEFR, achievement standards are systematically presented. Korean language education is divided into curricular and extra-curricular, with the Korean language curriculum further subdivided according to the development of the Korean language curriculum. The extra-curricular stream is mainly conducted in after-school programs. The proposed development phase of the Korean pro-language curriculum should establish a reference system including goals and grades that connects with the CEFR. Moreover, to develop the Korean language curriculum further, it is necessary to establish and analyze the Korean language profiles of Korean learners.

In response to growing needs for developing Korean Language teacher expertise and diverse Korean language learners, appropriate retraining programs are the key to successful Korean language education. The purpose of this study is to specify and guide program contents designed to retrain Korean language teachers for multicultural families. For this goal, a questionnaire survey was adopted as a main research tool and literatures on national and international teacher training were reviewed. One hundred thirteen teachers who attended multicultural teacher training programs were surveyed and their responses were analyzed in quantitative and qualitative ways. The results of the study showed that the factors affecting the programs are as follows: 1) In-depth Korean pedagogical content knowledge, 2) various, practical practices in Korean teaching methods, 3) developing and utilizing Korean teaching materials, 4) comprehension on assessment system, 5) understanding the uniqueness of immigrant students, 6) teachingreflection and sharing teaching moments, 7) developing strategy and direction for cultural pedagogy. Therefore, this study may shed light on shaping teaching expertise to build teacher development.

기후변화에 따른 한반도 난대지역 상록수종인 후박나무의 적지예측모델을 개발하기 위하여 본 연구가 수행되었다. 생장 및 입지환경 인자들간의 관계 구명을 통하여 양적·질적 자료 분석이 가능한 수량화 분석 방법에 의하여 후박나무의 적지예측 평가기준을 도출하였으며, 적지예측 프로그램은 ESRI, ArcView GIS 프로그램을 이용하여 개발하였다. 개발된 프로그램은 적지예측의 정확성 검토를 위하여 다양한 난대 상록활엽수가 분포하고 있는 전남 완도 지역에 적용하였다. 후박나무의 적지예측 분석 결과, 최적 생육 입지환경은 계곡부위의 경사도가 15~20°로, 토양습도가 적윤하며 토심이 50~70cm인 붕적토로 나타났다. 또한 암석노출이 30% 이상으로 바람의 영향을 거의 받지 않는 곳으로 나타났다. 적지예측 등급별 면적과 면적비는Ⅰ등급 1,347.4ha, 23.0%, Ⅱ등급 2,295.2ha, 39.2%, Ⅲ등급 1,350.9ha, 23.1%, Ⅳ등급 856.3ha, 14.6%로 분석되었으며, 등급별 면적비는 Ⅱ등급지가 39.2%로 가장 높게 나타났다.

전지구화 시대가 도래하면서 다양한 언어적․문화적 배경을 가진 구성원들이 한국 사회로 유입되기 시작하였다. 학교 현장에도 이처럼 다양한 언어적․문화적 배경을 가진 한국어 학습자 수요가 증대하면서 2012 한국어(KSL) 교육과정에 이어 2017 한국어(KSL) 교육과 정이 개발․적용되고 있다. 2017 교육과정은 기존 교육과정에 비해, ‘학습 한국어’의 개념을 좀 더 구체화하고 구성 체계를 세분화하였으며, 언어 재료의 일부인 ‘어휘’, ‘문법’ 목록 개편을 시도하였다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다. 특히 ‘학습 도구 한국어’ 어휘를 ‘사고 도구 어휘’와 ‘범용 지식 어휘’로 세분화하고 각각의 어휘를 선정, 위계화하는 작업을 통해 목록을 강화했다. 그러나 이러한 성과에도 불구하고, ‘생활 한국어’와 ‘학습 한국어’, ‘학습 도구 한국어’와 ‘교과 적응 한국어’ 간의 관계 설정 문제는 여전히 논쟁적이다. ‘학습 한국어’의 내용 구성도 현장 적용을 위한 실질화, 구체화 단계까지 진일보하지 못하여 여러 이견과 의문이 제기되고 있다. 이는 ‘학습 한국어’의 교육과정이 ‘학습 도구 한국어’ 어휘 목록을 강화하는 수준에서 더 나아가지 못하였고, ‘교과 적응 한국어’ 문제는 이론, 특히 실천면에서 본격적인 논의와 결과물이 도출되지 못했기 때문이다. 성취 기준, ‘학령 적합형 문식력 강화’ 목적의 문법 목록이 충분한 근거를 가지고 도출되지 못하였다는 점, 그 외 교과 관련 주제, 텍스트 장르, 레지스터, 인지 기능이 충분히 고려, 연계되지 못하고 있다는 점도 논쟁 을 야기하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 언어 학습과 교과 학습의 유기적 결합을 도모할 수 있는 방향을 탐색하고, 학습 한국어 교육 내용의 체계화 방향을 살펴보았다.