In response to growing needs for developing Korean Language teacher expertise and diverse Korean language learners, appropriate retraining programs are the key to successful Korean language education. The purpose of this study is to specify and guide program contents designed to retrain Korean language teachers for multicultural families. For this goal, a questionnaire survey was adopted as a main research tool and literatures on national and international teacher training were reviewed. One hundred thirteen teachers who attended multicultural teacher training programs were surveyed and their responses were analyzed in quantitative and qualitative ways. The results of the study showed that the factors affecting the programs are as follows: 1) In-depth Korean pedagogical content knowledge, 2) various, practical practices in Korean teaching methods, 3) developing and utilizing Korean teaching materials, 4) comprehension on assessment system, 5) understanding the uniqueness of immigrant students, 6) teachingreflection and sharing teaching moments, 7) developing strategy and direction for cultural pedagogy. Therefore, this study may shed light on shaping teaching expertise to build teacher development.

The unsafe act and unsafe condition is induced by the fundamental cause factors of industrial accidents. In this paper, stress is classified into job, life and workplace stress. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop a Korean stress model focused on the unmarried workers in order to prevent fundamental industrial accidents. The results of this paper are followed. First, the oriental culture and idea in Korea is directly connected to the central axis of all life. Accordingly, concrete and systematic safety management methods should be proposed from the point of Korean culture. Finally, the industrial accident questionnaire needs an item that reports the mental and physical condition of workers in order to prevent occupational diseases.

월리엄 E. 그 루버는 이 논문에서 베케트가 그의 극작품들 속의 공간을 통제하기 위해 빛과 어둠을 활용한 방법에 대해서 분명히 밝혀 보려하고 있으며, 나는 이 논문의 핵심이라 고 생각되는 부분을 발췌했다. 그루버는 베케르가 플롯, 등장인물. 언어 또는 지시적인 내용이 없어도 극을 쓸 수 있음을 입증했다고 설명하는데, 이런 관점에서 볼 때, 그는 베케트의 희곡들이 점점 더 빛과 공간 에 대한 도표가 되가고 있는 것으로 생각했다. 셰익스피어로부터 입센과 브레히트에 이르기까지, 대부분의 극작가들은 빛과 조명효과를 가끔씩 연극적 표현을 위한 장식 정도로 여기고 있으나, 베케트는 빛을 보다 야심차고도 애 매한 대상으로 받아들인다. 베케트가 희곡을 써온 30년 이상의 세월동안, 그의 극본은 그가 조명과 더불어 지각의 수단에 점점 더 열중하고 있음을 보여준다. 빛과 어둠, 흰색과 검정 색과 회색에 대한 언급은 그의 모든 작품(저작물) 속에서 너무 지나친게 아닌가 여겨질 정 도로 특징을 이루고 있다. 많은 베케트 작품이 회색 단색 화법으로 이뤄진 것처럼 보인다. 요컨대, 베케트는 자주 우리들에게 빛이란 우리가 보는 대상인 동시에 대상을 볼 수 있게 해주는 요인임을 일깨워 준다. 다시 말해서, 베케트의 극은 보고 아는 현상학에 대한 일관 된 심사숙고로 변해 가고 있는 것이다. 빛이라는 수단에 대한 베케트의 통제가 극단에 이르 고 있는 텔레비전 극에서는 특히, 빛과 어둠이라는 짝지워진 리듬이 인식론과 구조적 등가 물을 창조해낸다. 베케트의 초기 극들과 후기 극들 사이의 주된 차이 가운데 하나는 후기극 들은 장면의 공간적 묘사에 대한 최소한의 시도마저도 포기했다는 점이다. 두 번째로 공통 적인 것으로는 초기극의 강렬한 조명효과는 중간 범위의 밝기 쪽으로 접어드는 경향을 보이 고 있어, 가너의 말에 의하면 “장면 속에 살고 있는 대상들을 불완전하게 비춰줄 뿐인, 부 드러운 빛으로 줄어들고 있다.”는 것이다. 억지로 만든 듯한 무대의 깊이는 베케트 작품에 또 다른 특징을 낳고 있으며, 배우를 등장시키고 배우가 사용할 공간에 시각적 조화를 제공 하려는 베케트의 노력 속에서 조명은 결정적인 역할을 한다. 빛과 공간이 낯익은 협동작용 이 이루어질 수 없는 곳에서는, 정상적인 지각의 기초는 마련될 수가 없을 것이다. 무대는 변조 과정을 거쳐 점차적으로 회화적인 영역으로 들어가 3차원 세계 속의 2차원의 이미지 로 변한다. 베케트는 텔레비전용 작품을 쓸 때, 텔레비전 본래의 2차원성을 활용하는 면에 특히 관심이 갔던듯하다. 베케트는 텔레비전이 지니고 있는 평면성으로 인한 영상에 특히나 매혹 당했음에 틀림없다. 텔레비전의 영상은 후면에서 빛이 비치고 형광물질로 되어 있으며 텔레비전 영상의 가장 놀라운 특질은 원래부터 깊이감이 없다는 점이다. 텔레비전화면 고유 의 발광성이 베케트로 하여금 드라마를 한층 더 영상에 의지하도록 만들었다. 베케트의 텔 레비전 극에서 가장 놀라운 측면은 공간을 다양한 평면 단위들로 나누는 것인 바, 이로 인 해 그 공간들은 새로운 관계 속에서 반복되고 결합된다. 이런 극에서는 플롯과 공간은 더 이상 근본적인 것이 되지 못한다. 그리고 베케트는 물 흐르듯이 계속되는 공간 속에서 한 부분을 차지하며 살고 있는 캐릭터를 묘사하는 대신에 고립된 성자 같은 등장인물을 보여준 다. 베케트가 텔레비전 용으로 쓴 다섯 작품을 보면, 조나단 칼브의 묘사처럼 “놀라우리만 치 정교한 보석이 되고 있다.” 그루버는 베케트가 이 매체(텔레비전)에서 거둔 성공의 많은 부분은 그가 무대(연극)와 영 화와 텔레비전 사이의 형식적인 차이를 잘 알고 있었기 때문이라고 말한다. 비비앵 메르시 에는 “베케트의 루가 작품들이 짧아지는 것은 침묵에 대한 어떤 철학적 열망 때문이 아니 라...완벽주의를 지향하고 있기 때문이다,, 작품을 완벽하게 만드는 길은 축소화시키는 길 뿐 이다.”라고 추측했다. 그러나 그루버는 베케트의 후기극이 짧아진 또 다른 이유는 드라마라 는 표현수단에 대한 그 자신의 불만이 커갔던 탓이라고 주장했다. 요컨대, 무대를 위한 글 쓰기가 베케트에게 한 때, 서술적인 글쓰기(소설)에 대한 불만으로부터 그를 해방시켜주었 듯이, 텔레비전 용 글쓰기는 어느 면에서 무대를 위한 글쓰기로부터의 단절을 의미할지도 모른다. 그루버는 말한다,, 베케트가 그의 말년에 드라마에서 텔레비전으로 돌아선 것은 한 사람 의 예술가로서 이야기(소설)를 쓸 때와 마찬가지로, 연극이라는 표현수단도 그에게 언제까 지고 만족할 수 있는 형식상의 토대를 마련해주지는 못했다는 것이다.

To improve the initial strength and stability of lightweight-foamed concrete, which shows suitable sound absorption and insulation characteristics, the effect of CO2-reduced cement on the properties of the concrete was investigated. Various mixing ratios were applied by substituting a certain amount of slag and Calcium Sulfo Aluminate (CSA) in CO2-reduced Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and the physical properties of the samples were examined using the Korean Standard. The kiln temperatures of the CSA were 100–200°C ; these values are lower than those of OPC and can lead to energy saving. In addition, the low limestone content reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20 %. Adding a small amount of CSA in OPC content activates Ca-Al-H2-based hydrates, and the initial compressive strength of the concrete is improved. As the CSA content increased, the thermal conductivity of the concrete decreased by up to 8% compared to plain concrete, thus indicating an improvement in its insulation. Therefore, the settlement stability was improved as the addition of CSA shortened the setting time.

To prevent environmental pollution caused by leakage of leachate from waste landfill, vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) resin is applied to liner and cover materials to improve their performance. Styrene, styrene butadiene rubber, and VAE are widely used as polymer resins that have excellent water resistance and durability. Further, VAE resin is known to have additional advantages such as adhesion to nonpolar materials and resistance to saponification as a copolymer. In this study, the effect of VAE content on the properties of liner and cover materials was studied. The water and air content ratios, bending and compressive strengths, water absorption ratio, and coefficient of permeability of these materials were measured. The liner and cover materials with 4 wt% VAE showed good properties.

Shape memory materials are widely used in high-tech industries. Although shape memory polymers have been developed, they have a disadvantage, only unidirectional resilience. Shape memory polymers with bi-directional recovery resilience have been actively studied. In this study, a bidirectional shape memory polyurethane was synthesized using poly(ε-caprolactone) diol, methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate, and hydroxyethyl acrylate. The first physical curing occurred between hard segments and hydrogen bondings when the solution was dried. The second curing in acrylate groups was performed by UV exposure. A degree of curing was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The shape memory properties of 2 step-cured polyurethanes were investigated as a function of UV curing time.

In the industrial wastewater that occupies a large proportion of river pollution, the wastewater generated in textile, leather, and plating industries is hardly decomposable. Though dyeing wastewater has generally been treated using chemical and biological methods, its characteristics cause treatment efficiencies such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) to be reduced only in the activated sludge method. Currently, advanced oxidation technology for the treatment of dyeing wastewater is being developed worldwide. Electro-coagulation is highly adapted to industrial wastewater treatment because it has a high removal efficiency and a short processing time regardless of the biodegradable nature of the contaminant. In this study, the effects of the current density and the electrolyte condition on the COD removal efficiency in dyeing wastewater treatment by using electro-coagulation were tested with an aluminum anode and a stainless steel cathode. The results are as follows: ① When the current density was adjusted to 20 A/m2, 40 A/m2, and 60 A/m2 under the condition without electrolyte, the COD removal efficiency at 60 min was 62.3%, 72.3%, and 81.0%, respectively. ② The removal efficiency with NaCl addition was 7.9% higher on average than that with non-addition at all current densities. ③ The removal efficiency with Na2SO4 addition was 4.7% higher on average than that with non-addition at all current densities.

Soluble Cutting Fluids (SCFs) have been used in metal machining processes to improve the quality of metal processing equipment and products. Although SCFs are useful and essential material, wasted soluble cutting fluids are harmful in hydroecological systems because of the high concentration of COD and nitrogen material. If discharged to hydroecological systems without specific treatment, they may cause eutrophication in rivers and lakes. Therefore, the removal efficiency of the COD contained in the SCFs is investigated in this study using electrochemical treatment with an insoluble electrode. The electrode was made of titanium with iridium plating, made from a perforated metal sheet to agitate the sample in the reactor. Cathode and anode electrodes were inserted into acrylic reactor alternately and the reaction time was one hour. The experimental results were as follows: First, for 60 A/m2, 80 A/m2, and 100 A/m2 current densities, the COD removal efficiencies were 42.0%, 63.9%, and 78.4%, respectively.

Soluble cutting fluids (SCFs) have been used in metal machining processes to improve the quality of metal processing equipment and products in modern society. Because the characteristics among metal machining processes differ, various types of cutting fluids are manufactured to enhance the cutting efficiency of different metals. Although SCFs are useful and essential materials, particular treatment is required attributable to the high concentration of nitrogen materials and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In this study, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (T-N) contained in SCFs was analyzed using electrochemical treatment. The electrode was made of 316 stainless steel, which had been perforated to prevent an imbalanced sample concentration in the reactor. Cathodic and anodic electrodes were alternately inserted into an acrylic reactor. The removal efficiency of T-N in SCFs using 40 A/m2, 60 A/m2, and 80 A/m2 current density, was 48.2%, 61.5% and 69.3%, respectively. The removal efficiency of T-N in SCFs with the addition of 0, 5 mM, and 10 mM NaCl was 69.3%, 74.6%, 77.6%, respectively.

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) were modified with epoxy and aminosilane diethanolamine (DEA), and nanocomposites of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and the modified MWCNTs were prepared with the aim of improving the physical properties of biodegradable PBAT. The physical and the thermal properties of the PBAT/MWCNT nanocomposites were investigated using various techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements revealed that the MWCNTs were efficiently modified with DEA. Scanning electron micrographs of the nanocomposites indicated that the modified MWCNTs were dispersed homogeneously in PBAT. The thermal stability of the nanocomposite decreased with increase in the content of epoxy-MWCNT-DEA due to the poor thermal stabilities of epoxy and amino silane DEA. However, the surface hydrophobicity of the nanocomposite increased. The highest stress (170% of PBAT) was observed when the content of epoxy-MWCNT-DEA in the nanocomposite was 2 wt%.

As industry continues to develop, the contents of various recalcitrant substances that are not removed by conventional wastewater treatment have increased in modern society. The metal working fluids (MWFs) used in the metal working process contain chemical substances, such as mineral oils, anticorrosive agents, extreme-pressure additives, and stabilizers, as well as high concentrations of organics and ammonia-nitrogen. Accordingly, MWFs are required to develop advanced treatments to conserve hydro-ecological resources. This study investigated the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen from MWFs according to operating time, applied voltage, and NaCl concentration using a Ti/IrO2 electrode in a batch-type reactor. The experimental results showed that ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiencies without NaCl were 89% and 92% when voltage was adjusted to 15 and 20 V for 60 min and removal efficiency was 90% at 25 V for 40 min. Removal efficiencies of 10 mM NaCl were 4% and 2% greater than those of not adding NaCl at 15 V for 50 min and 20 V for 30 min.

Generally, metal working fluids (MWFs) are used to reduce friction in metalworking processes. In addition to mineral oils, MWFs contain many chemical substances, such as anticorrosive agents, extreme-pressure additives, and stabilizers, as well as high concentrations of organics and ammonia nitrogen. Accordingly, MWFs must be managed to advanced treatment for hydro-ecological conservation. This study investigated the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen from MWFs according to operating time, applied voltage, distance between electrodes, and NaCl concentration using aluminum in a batch-type reactor. The experimental results were as follows: First, without NaCl, removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen were 69.6%, 37.9%, and 22.7%, when the distance between electrodes was adjusted to 1, 4, and 7 cm, respectively, at 15 V for 60 min. Secondly, without NaCl, removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen were 49.5 and 90.9% when the voltage was adjusted to 5 V and 10 V, respectively, for 60 min and 94.6% at 15 V for 40 min. Lastly, with the addition of NaCl 10 mM, the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen was 40.3% and 11.5% greater than that of no addition of NaCl at 5 V for 60 min and at 10 V for 30 min.

Since single-use disposable plastic usage has steadily been increasing, recent trends in polymeric research point to increasing demand for eco-friend materials which reduce plastic waste. A huge amount of non-degradable polypropylene (PP)-based pots for seedling culture are discarded for transplantation. The purpose of this study is to investigate an eco-friendly biodegradable material as a possible substitute for PP pot. The blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) was used because of its good mechanical and flexible properties as well as biodegradation. After landfill, various properties of the blend pot were investigated by UTM, SEM, NMR and TGA. The results showed the tensile strength of the blend film rapidly decreased after 5 weeks of landfill due to degradation. From NMR data after landfill, the composition of PLA in the blend was decreased. These results indicate that the biodegradation of the blend preferentially occurs in PLA component. To investigate the effect of holes in pot bottom and side on root growth, a plant in the pot was grown. Some roots came out through holes as landfill period increases. These results indicate that the eco-friendly pot can be directly planted without the removal of pot.

Sustainable and eco-friendly polymers, natural polymers, bio-based polymers, and degradable polyesters, are of growing interest because of environmental concerns associated with waste plastics and emissions of carbon dioxide from preparation of petroleum-based polymers. Degradable polymers, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), are related to reduction of carbon dioxide in processing. To improve a weak mechanical property of a degradable polymer, a blending method is widely used. This study was forced on the component separation of degradable polymer blends for effective recycling. The melt-mixed blend films in a specific solvent were separated by two layers. Each layer was analysed by FT-IR, DSC, and contact angle measurements. The results showed that each component in the PPC/PLLA and PPC/PBAT blends was successfully separated by a solvent.

This study was designed in order to determine the influences of haw (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) on the lipid metabolism syndrome. Sprague Dawley rats, 7 weeks old, were given four different types of diets for 5 weeks: ND group (noncholesterolemic diet), HE group (non cholesterolemic diet+haw extract), CD group (cholesterolemic diet), CH group (cholesterolemic diet+haw extract). Concentrations of LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, blood glucose were remarkably higher in the CD group than the other groups. But by treatment of haw extract group with cholesterolemic diet (CH group) were significantly decreased compared with CD group. Cholesteryl ester ratio was no difference between CD group and CH group. These results indicate that Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE would be effective in lipid metabolism syndrome.

Poly(lactide)s(PLA) is an attractive material to solve the problem of waste plastic accumulation in nature because of its biodegradability. The lactide exists in three stereoisomeric configurations: L-lactide, D-lactide, and meso-lactide. PLA stereocomplexes, formed by the mixing of two enantiomers, poly(L-lactide)(PLLA) and poly(D-lactide)(PDLA), have many favorable characteristics because the stereocomplex showed 50°C higher melting point than each enantiomeric polymer and the resistance toward degradation increased. In this study, we investigated the influence of the composition and the optical purity of each component on the formation of stereocomplexes. Also, the nanofibers of stereochemical PLA and their blends were prepared by electrospinning method. The properties of the obtained fibers were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that a degree of stereocomplex was controlled by change of optical purity of each component. The enzymatic degradation of the fibers were strongly dependent on the stereocomplex.

Despite abundant nutritions, krill is barely used for human consumption. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional component and amino acid composition of krill and further utilizes it for food resource. Proximate compositions of krill meal were consisted of crude protein 58.85%, ash 13.89%, crude fat 12.45%, carbohydrate 11.01% and moisture 3.80%. The amount of total amino acid was 54.74 g%, and the major amino acids were glutamic acid (7.71 g%), aspartic acid (6.20 g%), leucine (4.72 g%), lysine (4.41 g%), arginine (6.49 g%) and alanine (3.25 g%), respectively. Total essential amino acid content was 21.87%, and the major amino acids were leucine (4.72 g%), lysine (4.41 g%) and isoleucine (2.90 g%), respectively. Content of total free amino acid in krill meal was 20224.30 mg/kg, and the major free amino acids were taurine (4501 mg/kg), arginine (3130.60 mg/kg), proline (2302.90 mg/kg), alanine (2088.10 mg/kg), glycine (1606.40 mg/kg) and lysine (1197.40 mg/kg). Especially, taurine was the most abundant of all free amino acids. Thus, these data indicate that krill seems to be abundant protein source food.