This study was carried out to develop new zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) cultivar ‘Halla Green 2’ (Grant number: No. 118). To develop a zoysiagrass cultivar with dwarfism by using the mutation breeding method, the wild type control "Gosan" plants were irradiated using a 30 Gy gamma ray source in 2010. Dwarf mutants were selected from the mutated grasses in successive generations. Dwarf mutant lines were identified and a new zoysiagrass variety Halla Green 2 was developed. The plant height of Halla Green 2 was 3.4 and 1.8 times lower than that of Gosan and Zenith, respectively. This cultivar has dwarf characteristics such as shorter sheath, shorter leaf blade, shorter flag leaf, and shorter third internode of stolon compared to those of Gosan and Zenith. Additionally, the sheaths and leaf blades color of Gosan, Zenith and Halla Green 2 were all light green, whereas their stolons were purple, yellow-green and yellow green, respectively. Trichomes(hairs) were visible on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the Gosan leaves, whereas only on the adaxial side of the Zenith and Halla Green 2 leaves. The Halla Green 2 grass showed distinguishable morphological traits compared to those of wild type Gosan and Zenith.

To develop a dwarf turfgrass (Zoysia japonica) cultivar with artificial mutation-induced breeding method, the wild type control "Gosan" plants were exposed to a 30 Gy gamma ray source in 2010. The mutant lines showing short height were selected from successive generations. One of the resulting dwarf lines obtained was registered under the cultivar name of “Halla Green 1” (2016). The dwarf phenotype of the Halla Green 1 includes a reduction of the height by 4.5-fold, an increase in leaf and third internode lengths by about 6- and 2.3-fold, respectively, compared to the Gosan, and approximately 2.4-, 3.8-, and 1.5-fold relative to the Zenith, respectively. In addition, the Halla Green 1 had a sheath of darker green coloring compared to the light green Gosan and Zenith. The leaf blades of Gosan, Zenith and Halla Green 1 were all light green, whereas their stolons were purple, yellow-green and light purple, respectively. Trichomes presented on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the Gosan’s leaves, and only on the adaxial side of the Zenith’s leaves, but none on the Halla Green 1 leaves. The Halla Green 1 exhibited sufficiently distinct morphological traits when compared with the wild type Gosan and Zenith that the dwarf phenotype enhances its commercial viability.

Panax ginseng C.A Meyer is commonly used in Asian traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Ginsenosides are glycosylated triterpenes, referred to saponins, have been especially noted as active compounds contributing to the various efficacy of ginseng. In this study, we are trying to select high saponin content of ginseng lines from the gamma irradiated adventitious roots. Recently, we have generated several mutant ginseng lines improving ginseniside content by gamma radiation. The mutant lines were selected by phenotypes and ginsenoside content (HPLC analysis) of the irradiated adventitious root lines. However, the ginsenoside content of the mutant lines was not sufficient for commercial use and the selection method was not suitable for large scale of mutant line selection. In this study, we are testing Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) as a new selection method of mutant lines in Panax ginseng. About 5,000 pieces of Panax ginseng adventitious roots were exposed to gamma radiation (60Co). Irradiation dosages were 0, 25, 50 and 70Gy. Survival rate of the irradiated samples was evaluated by counting the number of survival main roots after 5 weeks culture in the solid MS medium with NAA, IAA and 5% sucrose. In present, we are collecting the survived adventitious root lines (about 900 lines) from the gamma irradiated ginseng roots for FT-IR and HPLC analysis. After analysis of FT-IR and HPLC, we will assess the suitability of the FT-IR as a screening method for the preparation of mutant lines in ginseng.

Zoysiagrass are damaged by fungi diseases such as large patch, dollar spot, pythium blight and brown patch. Large patch is one of the major diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 on zoysiagrass fields e.g. golf courses. Plant chitinases have been known PR (Pathogen related)-protein. In this study, we isolated two chitinase genes (Zjchi1 and Zjchi2) from zoysiagrass. Antifungal activity analysis revealed that Zjchi2 protein inhibited mycelium extension of fungi. A further study, we cloned 5` upstream region from two chitinase genes for investigating transcription regulatory mechanism that inducing of two chitinase genes dependent R. solani. -818 bp and -799 of upstream region from Zjchi1 and Zjchi2 successfully isolated using in vitro LA (Long and Accurate) PCR system. And then, we generated promoter-GUS reporter constructs with deletion construct based on W-boxes. Constructs were introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for stable expression of GUS reporter gene.

With the purpose of improving ginsenoside production in Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) mutant adventitious root lines, a synthetic gene encoding squalene synthase (PgSS2) was placed under the control of 35S promoter and transferred to Panax ginseng. Embryogenic callus obtained from ginseng adventitious root lines were transformed by infection with A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 containing the PgSS2 gene. Ten phosphinothricin-resistant plants were generated on selection medium, and the transgene integration and expression in these plants were confirmed by PAT test strip, RT-PCR and Southern hybridization. Ginsenoside analysis by HPLC revealed that the total contents of the 8 ginsenoside types (Rg1, Re, Rf, Rh1, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd) in transgenic adventitious root lines were about 1.6-fold higher than that of the mutant control line (MCL1). This transformation method may facilitate the improvement of Panax ginseng in terms of the accumulation levels of ginsenoside.

기내배양한 양란 심비디움 원괴체에 전자빔(2 MeV/n, 0.5 mA)을 10 Gy～300 Gy로 조사하여 생장 변화와 유전적 변이의 다양성을 검토하였다. 전자빔을 조사 후 배양 10주째에 선량의 증가에 따라 원괴체로부터 신초유도가 감소하였고, 200 Gy 이상의 선량을 조사한 처리구에서는 신초분화가 크게 억제되었다. 원괴체 18개체를 ISSR 분석한 결과 대조구는 12.5% 다형성을 나타내었고, 전자빔 조사구에서는 42.2%의 다형성을 나타내었다. RAPD 분석한 결과 대조구에서 13%의 다형성을 나타내었고, 전자빔 조사구에서는 43.8%의 다형성을 나타내었다. 따라서 RAPD 및 ISSR 분석 모두에서 전자빔 조사시 대조구보다 3.5배 정도 다형성이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 유전적 유사도 지수(GSM)는 전자빔 처리가 대조구보다 낮게 나타나 전자빔 처리에 의하여 개체들 간의 유전적 다양성이 높아진 것으로 보인다. 군집분석 결과 RAPD와 ISSR 분석 모두 대조구와 전자빔 처리구가 분리되어 그룹을 이루었다. 이와 같이 전자빔 조사로 기내 배양 양란 심비디움의 유전적 다형성이 증대됨을 확인하였다.

Daily shedding pattern and longevity of pollen are important consideration for the evaluation of gene flow of transgenic plants. During the day, the pollen shedding pattern of zoysiagrass was determined in the lawn by using a device to collect airborne pollen on a glass slide, resulting that the pollen grains were released predominantly between 7:00 and 9:00. The result was also supported by in vitro pollen germination test, which was performed with pollens collected from 1:00 through 24:00 at 1h interval. Influence of temperature and humidity on pollen longevity was determined by germinating pollen at 25°C after incubating them for 10, 30, 60, and 180 min under different temperatures and humidity with pollen of zoysiagrass that opened freshly at about 9:00. The result showed that pollen longevity of zoysiagrass was sensitive to change of temperature and humidity and longest under the temperture and humidity of 15-20°C and 80-99%, respectively. Under natural conditions with the same method as upper controlled conditions, was determined pollen longevity. Under sunny atmospheric conditions, pollen longevity decreased to 20% in 60 min, with a complete extinction in 120 min. Under cloudy atmospheric conditions, pollen remained viable up to 450 min, with about 20% longevity after 360 min. No significant difference was found between GM and non-GM plants in their pollen longevity.

Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) is a warm season grass and indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of coastal areas worldwide. The species is used as feed for cattle and horses and has been very successful for golf courses worldwide. One of the most outstanding characteristics of seashore paspalum is its tolerance to saline soils compared to other warm season turfgrasses. The development of new seashore paspalum cultivars with improved traits could be facilitated through the application of biotechnological strategies. The purpose of this study was to product for herbicide resistant seashore paspalum using Arobacterium-mediated transformation and this study is the first report on transformation and herbicideresistant transgenic plants in seashore paspalum. Embryogenic calli were induced from the seeded variety of pseashore paspalum. Embryogenic calli were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 carrying the binary vector pCAMBIA3301 with two genes encoding gusA and bar. Transformed calli and plants were selected on medium containing 3 mg/l PPT. PCR detected the presence of the gusA and bar gene, indicating both genes are integrated into the genome of seashore paspalum. A chlorophenol red assay was used to confirm that the bar gene was expressed. By application of herbicide BASTA, the herbicide resistance in the transgenic seashore paspalum plants was confirmed.

The concerns on the crop damage by ultraviolet (UV) radiations is increasing owing to the decrease of their absorbing stratospheric ozone in the tropospheric. Cultivar differences on early growth of UV radiation among five Korean rice cultivars, four japonica types and one Tongil type (indica-japonica cross hybrid), were studied. Pot-seeded rice plants were grown under four different radiation conditions, i.e., visible radiation only, visible radiation with supplemented with high or low dose of UV-B (280~320 nm in wavelength) and UV-C (less than 280 nm in wavelength). The inhibitory degree on plant height, shoot and root weight and length of leaf blade and leaf sheath were determined at 40 days after seeding. UV-C showed the most severe inhibitory effect on the degree of biomass gain and leaf growth in most cultivars examined, followed by high UV-B and low UV-B. Among the cultivars used, the Kuemobyeo was the most sensitive cultivar and had not repair or showed resistance ability to continued irradiation of UV radiation. However, Janganbyeo and Jaekeon showed different responses that the elongation of leaf blades was promoted on 2nd and 3rd leaves and inhibited on 4th and 5th leaves but this inhibitory degree was reduced on 6 th and 7th leaves. Such tendency on leaf growth means that both cultivars had low sensitivity and most resistant ability to continued irradiation of UV radiation. While Tongil showed different response to enhanced UV radiation, ie., low UV-B promoted leaf growth but the inhibitory was severely increased by continued irradiation of high UV-B and UV-C, which means that Tongil had high threshold of UV radiation for response as an inhibitory light of plant growth. The results of this study indicate that the differences on sensitivity or resistant to the effects of UV radiation were existed among Korean rice cultivars