차가는 배양균사로부터 위염, 위궤양 및 여러 가지 암에 효력을 나타내는 것으로 알려진 베풍긴(befungin) 약제의 생산을 위하여 사용되고 있다. 차가는 자작나무 줄기에서 주로 생산되는 것으로 알려져 있는데, 우리나라의 경우 자작나무 자생지는 해발고도 1,100m 이상에만 나타난다. 하지만, 우리는 점봉산의 거제수나무에서 차가버섯을 채집할 수 있었으며, 스트렙토마이신을 첨가한 PDA 배지를 이용하여 균주를 분리할 수 있었다. 차가 균은 5개 부위 중차가 균으로 만연된 나무조직에서 분리될 뿐 다른 부분에서는 분리가 어려웠다. 균핵에서 확인한 포자는 6.0∼10.0 × 4.5∼6.0㎛ 크기를 나타내었고, 균사 굵기는 2.5∼5.0㎛ 이었다. 실내 배양에서 균총은 불규칙한 모양을 띄며, 시간이 경과할수록 균총의 중간 중간이 노란색으로 변색되었다. 약 20일이 경과하면 노란색으로 변색된 부분에서 적갈색의 강모(setae)를 확인할 수 있으며, 강모의 크기는 4∼6 × 100∼420㎛ 이었다. 차가의 균사생장에 가장 좋은 배지는 OA(oatmeal agar)이었다. 적합한 온도 범위는 25∼30℃이었으며, 균사생장에 적합한 pH는 8.0∼9.5로 비교적 높은 산도를 좋아하는 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, we were performed to elucidate the antioxidant and anticancer activity by leaves extracts from Acer tegmentosum (AT-L). In DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, the AT-L revealed the high scavenging activity. Especially, the AT-L measured the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity, which is higher than ascorbic acid. The types of human cancer cells for evaluating the anticancer activity were colorectal cancer (SW480), prostate cancer (PC-3), breast cancer (MCF-7), pancreatic cancer (AsPC-1), lung cancer (A549) and liver cancer (HepG2). Human cancer cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Treatment of the AT-L decreased the cell viability and induced apoptosis in SW480 cells. These results suggest that extracts of the AT-L can be used as supplementary material for developing the natural antioxidant and anticancer drug for human cancer cells.

The purpose of this study is to find out how SNS marketing activities affect brand recognition, brand familiarity, and purchase intention for consumers who have purchased products from franchise chicken stores, including whether there is a moderating effect according to gender. SNS marketing activities were set up by configuring three attributes which are, SNS advertising, SNS information, and SNS events as sub-factors. For empirical analysis, a survey was conducted on SNS users, and SPSS/AMOS statistical programs were employed for the data analysis. First, the result of the empirical analysis showed that SNS advertising, SNS information, and SNS events have a significant positive effect on brand recognition. Second, it was found that the SNS events had a significant positive effect on brand familiarity. Third, it was found that SNS advertising has a significant positive effect on purchase intention. Fourth, it was observed that brand recognition has a significant positive effect on brand familiarity. Fifth, it was found that brand recognition and brand familiarity have a significant positive effect on purchase intention. Sixth, it was found that gender plays a significant role in the relationship between these constructs. Therefore, it can be assumed that the hypothesis presented in this study is sufficiently proven.

Quercus mongolica (QM), which belongs to fagaceae, is one of the oak native to Korea. We evaluated the antiinflammatory effect of branches extracted with 70% ethanol of QM (QM-B) and elucidated the potential signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The QM-B showed anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of NO production. The QM-B dose-dependently suppressed NO production by inhibiting iNOS, COX-2 and IL-6 expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The QM-B inhibited the degradation and phosphorylation of IκB-α and NF-κB activation. The QM-B suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2. Also, the QM-B increased HO-1 expression. These results suggested that QM-B may utilize anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway and inducing HO-1 expression indicated that the QM-B can be used as a natural anti-inflammatory drugs.

본 연구에서는 4대강 살리기 사업 후 퇴적현상이 지배적으로 발생하는 남한강과 섬강 합류부 구간을 대상으로 2차원 수치모형인 CCHE2D 모형을 이용하여 하천의 흐름 및 하상변동에 대한 해석을 수행하였다. 대상지점 합류부는 남한강 본류의 만곡부에 지류 섬강이 유입되는 특성을 갖는다. CCHE2D 모형은 비평형 유사이송을 해석하며 소류사와 부유사 조정거리가 중요한 입력변수로 대상지점에서는 소류사 조정거리가 하상변동에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 수치모의 결과 유량비(Qr) 변화가 남한강과 섬강 합류부 지점에서 흐름 및 하상변동에 영향을 미쳤으며, Qr≤ 2.5인 경우에는 합류전 본류의 유속이 증가하여 흐름박리구역을 감소시켰으며 이로 인해 합류부 내측의 퇴적이 감소하였다. Qr>2.5이면 합류부 구간에 퇴적이 증가하여 사주가 형성될 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 수치모의를 통해 2013년에 발생한 유량비 변화에 의해 합류부에 고정사 주가 형성된 것을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 순환신경망을 이용한 댐 유입량 예측모형의 적용성 검토를 목적으로 하고 있으며, 이를 위해 소양강댐 유역 및 충주댐 유역을 대상 으로 그간 댐 운영을 통해 축적된 기상 및 수문 빅데이터를 활용하여 인공신경망 모형과 엘만 순환신경망 모형을 구축하였다. 모형의 학습과 예측 을 위하여 유역별 유입량, 강우량, 기온, 일조시간, 풍속자료가 입력자료로 사용되었고 10일간 일별 댐유입량 자료가 모델의 출력자료로 구조화 하여 학습을 진행한 후 검증을 목적으로 2016년 7월 ~ 2018년 6월까지 2개년에 대한 댐 유입량 예측을 수행하였다. 학습된 모형의 유입량 예측 결과를 비교분석한 결과, 소양강댐 유역에서는 인공신경망 모형과 순환신경망 모형 간 예측성능은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 충주댐 유역에서는 순환신경망 모형의 예측 결과가 인공신경망 모형에 비해 비교적 우수한 성능을 보임에 따라 엘만 순환신경망을 이용하여 댐 유입량 예측모형을 구축 할 경우 예측성능은 기존의 인공신경망 모형과 비슷하거나 다소 우수할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 엘만 순환신경망은 갈수기 댐 유입량 예측에 있어서 인공신경망에 비해 예측결과의 재현성이 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 엘만 순환신경망 학습에 있어 다중 은닉층 구조가 단일 은닉층 구조보다 예측 성능 향상에 효과적인 것으로 분석되었다.

Percutaneous lumbar epidural adhesiolysis is widely used a treatment for various chronic spinal pain but inadvertent complications of subdural, spinal, or intravascular injection can occur. We report a case of 63-year-old female with unusual pulsatile subdural injection image during attempted lumbar epidural adhesiolysis with fluoroscopy. Pulsatile image confined to the posterior aspect of the spinal canal at L3-4 level was observed. After recognizing subdural injection, we performed epidural adhesiolysis carefully without using steroid and local anesthetics under fluoroscopic guidance. Although unusual, pain physician needed to the understanding of the various subdural fluoroscopic contrast images.

The influence of triploidization on histological characteristics of retina, trunk kidney, liver and midgut tissue, and cell cycle of tail fin and gill tissue in far eastern catfish, Silurus asotus were analyzed. In the infertile triploid fish, the nucleus and/or cell size of secondary proximal tubule cells of trunk kidney, hepatocyte and midgut epithelium are much larger than those of the corresponding cells in the diploid fish (P<0.05). However, triploid tissue showed fewer number of outer nuclear layer in retina and nuclei in secondary proximal tubule of trunk kidney than those for diploid tissue. The mean percentages of the Gl-, the S- and the G2+M-phase fractions were 92.5%, 3.2% and 4.3% in tail fin tissue of diploid, and 93.4%, 2.6% and 4.0% in those of triploid, respectively. There were no significant differences in the percentages of each cell cycle fraction between diploid and triploid. The mean percentages of each phase fractions were 75.1%, 11.1% and 13.8% in gill tissue of diploid and 85.2%, 8.9% and 5.9% in those of triploid, respectively. The differences of cell cycle between tail fin tissue and gill tissue were statistically significant in diploid and triploid (P<0.05). Also, the differences between diploid and triploid were statistically significant in tail fin tissue and gill tissue (P<0.05). Cyclin D1 and cyclin E expressions were not significantly difference between gill tissue and tail fin tissue, and protein expressions of induced triploid were higher than those of diploid. Results from this study suggest that some characteristics in the triploid exhibiting larger cell and nucleus size with fewer number of cell than diploid can be used as an indicator in the identification of triploidization and ploidy level in far eastern catfish.

The influence of triploidization on histological characteristics of retina, trunk kidney, liver and midgut tissue, and cell cycle of tail fin and gill tissue in far eastern catfish, Silurus asotus were analyzed. In the infertile triploid fish, the nucleus and/or cell size of secondary proximal tubule cells of trunk kidney, hepatocyte and midgut epithelium are much larger than those of the corresponding cells in the diploid fish (P<0.05). However, triploid tissue showed fewer number of outer nuclear layer in retina and nuclei in secondary proximal tubule of trunk kidney than those for diploid tissue. The mean percentages of the Gl-, the S- and the G2+M-phase fractions were 92.5%, 3.2% and 4.3% in tail fin tissue of diploid, and 93.4%, 2.6% and 4.0% in those of triploid, respectively. There were no significant differences in the percentages of each cell cycle fraction between diploid and triploid. The mean percentages of each phase fractions were 75.1%, 11.1% and 13.8% in gill tissue of diploid and 85.2%, 8.9% and 5.9% in those of triploid, respectively. The differences of cell cycle between tail fin tissue and gill tissue were statistically significant in diploid and triploid (P<0.05). Also, the differences between diploid and triploid were statistically significant in tail fin tissue and gill tissue (P<0.05). Cyclin D1 and cyclin E expressions were not significantly difference between gill tissue and tail fin tissue, and protein expressions of induced triploid were higher than those of diploid. Results from this study suggest that some characteristics in the triploid exhibiting larger cell and nucleus size with fewer number of cell than diploid can be used as an indicator in the identification of triploidization and ploidy level in far eastern catfish.