Sportswear transforms itself into a new fashion item to satisfy desires for beauty in addition to having functionality and movability for sports activities. Sportswear is not in fashion just temporarily but comes in various forms along with sociocultural phenomenon that put emphasis on well-being and leisure. This research aims to study the needs of the bikers who ride bicycles or cycles has become a popular outdoor activity, and give suggestions for high functional sports design that can satisfy the needs of the highly demanding taste of athletes. To understand the design development direction and design preference, practical consumer needs were derived through a survey analysis on bike wear purchasing satisfaction and actual wearing state by bike riders. For consumer needs analysis, focus group interview, in-depth interview and questionnaire method were used. Based on analysis of those researches, athleisure bike wears appropriate for urban sports activities were categorized into sports, life, fitness and leisure 4 styles for athleisure bike wear design development. It is believed that this study will contribute to in the category expansion of sports wear market and satisfy the consumer demands for functional and specialized casual bike wears as well as fashion factors optimized to life style of modern people.

The present study was to evaluate effects of vitamin E on intravenous administration of lidocaine-induced antinociception. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Orofacial formalin-induced nociceptive behavioral responses were used as the orofacial animal pain model. Subcutaneous injection of formalin produced significant nociceptive scratching behavior. Intraperitoneal injection of 5 and 10 mg/kg of lidocaine attenuated formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in the 2nd phase, compared to the vehicle-treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of 1 g/kg of vitamin E also attenuated the formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in the 2nd phase, compared to the vehicle-treated group. However, low dose of vitamin E (0.5 g/kg) did not affect the nociceptive behavioral responses produced by subcutaneous injection of formalin. The present study also investigated effects of intraperitoneal injection of both vitamin E and lidocaine on orofacial formalin-induced behavioral responses. Vehicle treatment affected neither formalin-induced behavioral responses nor lidocaineinduced antinociceptive effects. However, intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 g/kg of vitamin E enhanced the lidocaineinduced antinociceptive effects in the 2nd phase compared to the vehicle-treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, did not affect antinociception produced by intraperitoneal injections of both vitamin E and lidocaine. These results suggest that treatment with vitamin E enhances the systemic treatment with lidocaine-induced antinociception and reduces side effects when systemically treated with lidocaine. Therefore, the combined treatment with vitamin E and lidocaine is a potential therapeutic for chronic orofacial pain.

The aim of the present study was to develop an animal model for evaluation of temporomandibular (TMJ) nociception under TMJ inflammation. We also investigated the participation of IL-1β in inflammation-induced TMJ nociception. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats. Intra-articular injection of 3% formalin was administered to evaluate hyperalgesia 3 days after CFA injection. Intra-articular injection of 3% formalin did not produce nociceptive behavior in normal rats. Although intra-articular injection of 3 doses of CFA produced TMJ inflammation, only 1:3 diluted CFA produced hyperalgesia when formalin was injected intra-articularly 3 days after CFA injection. Co-administration of IL-1 receptor inhibitor with formalin into the TMJ cavity 3 days after CFA injection was performed. Co-administration of IL-1 receptor inhibitor significantly inhibited formalin-induced hyperalgesia in rats with CFA-induced TMJ inflammation. These results suggested that intra-articular injection of formalin produced hyperalgesia under chronic TMJ inflammation. Moreover, IL-1β plays an important role in TMJ hyperalgesia under chronic inflammation and blockade of IL-1β is a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory TMJ pain.

The present study investigated the role of central GABAA and GABAB receptors in orofacial pain in rats. Experiments were conducted on Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 230 and 280 g. Intracisternal catheterization was performed for intracisternal injection, under ketamine anesthesia. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced thermal hyperalgesia and inferior alveolar nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia were employed as orofacial pain models. Intracisternal administration of bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, produced mechanical allodynia in naive rats, but not thermal hyperalgesia. However, CGP35348, a GABAB receptor antagonist, did not show any pain behavior in naive rats. Intracisternal administration of muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist, attenuated the thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in rats with CFA treatment and inferior alveolar nerve injury, respectively. On the contrary, intracisternal administration of bicuculline also attenuated the mechanical allodynia in rats with inferior alveolar nerve injury. Intracisternal administration of baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist, attenuated the thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in rats with CFA treatment and inferior alveolar nerve injury, respectively. In contrast to GABAA receptor antagonist, intracisternal administration of CGP35348 did not affect either the thermal hyperalgesia or mechanical allodynia. Our current findings suggest that the GABAA receptor, but not the GABAB receptor, participates in pain processing under normal conditions. Intracisternal administration of GABAA receptor antagonist, but not GABAB receptor antagonist, produces paradoxical antinociception under pain conditions. These results suggest that central GABA has differential roles in the processing of orofacial pain, and the blockade of GABAA receptor provides new therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pain.

The activation of glial cells in the spinal cord has been contribute to the initiation and maintenance of pain facilitation induced by peripheral inflammation and nerve injury. The present study investigated effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), injected subcutaneously or intracisternally, on the expression of microglia and astrocytes in rats. Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation was employed as an orofacial chronic inflammatory pain model. A subcutaneous injection of 40 μL CFA into the vibrissa pad was performed under 3% isoflurane anesthesia in SD rats. Immunohistochemical analysis for changes in Iba1 (a microglia marker) and GFAP (an astrocyte marker), were performed 5 days after CFA injection. Subcutaneous injection of CFA produced increases in Iba1 and GFAP expression, in the ipsilateral superficial lamia I and II in the medullary dorsal horn of rats. Subcutaneous treatment with BoNT-A attenuated the up-regulation of Iba1 and GFAP expressions induced by CFA injection. Moreover, intracisternal injection of BoNT-A also attenuated the up-regulated Iba1 and GFAP expressions. These results suggest that the anti-nociceptive action of BoNT-A is mediated by modulation activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocyte.

α-Viniferin (AVF), a trimer of resveratrol, is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). It has been reported that up-regulated COX-2 and iNOS are expressed in colon cancer tissues of humans and rodents as well as pre-neoplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) of rodents. In this study, chemopreventive effects of AVF were assessed in Caco-2 cells as well as azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colorectal tumorigenesis in mice. Anti-tumor effect of AVF with regards to apoptotic induction was assessed by TUNEL and caspase-3 expression in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells. For development of ACF, AOM was administered with to mice intraperitoneally at a dose of 10 mg/kg once a week for 3 weeks. To induce colitis-related colon cancer, mice were administered a single dose of AOM (10 mg/kg) and 2% dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water. Mice treated with 0.05 and/or 0.1 mg of AVF by gavage showed significantly reduced development of ACF and colorectal tumors. Immunofluorescence detection in Caco-2 cells showed reduced COX-2 and iNOS expression, whereas cleavage of caspase-3 and apoptotic cell numbers increased upon AVF treatment. Immunostaining showed reduced expression levels of COX-2 and iNOS expression along with increased cleaved caspase-3 expression increased upon AVF treatment. These results suggest that AVF has chemopreventive effects on colorectal cancer via anti-inflammatory potential and pro-apoptotic activity.

이상의 실험결과들을 요약하면, CFA를 안면영역 피하로 주입하여 발생한 염증성 통증 행위반응은 P2X 수용체의 억제제의 투여로 감소할 수 있었다. 특히 P2X7 수용체 억제제를 투여하면 진통작용 뿐 아니라 활성화된 신경아교세포 발현을 억제하였다. 이러한 실험 결과는 P2X7 수용체가 신경아교세포에 영향을 미쳐 안면에서 발생하는 만성 염증성 통증의 발생과 유지에 관여하고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 따라서 중추신경계의 신경아교세포를 조절할 수 있는 중추성 P2X7 수용체 작용기전은 임상에서 만성 염증성 통증을 보다 효과적으로 치료할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제시해 줄 수 있다고 생각된다.

이상의 실험 결과들을 요약하면, 포르말린을 측두하악관절 내로 주입하여 발생한 염증성 통증 행위반응은 QX-314의 투여로 감소할 수 있었다. 저농도의 QX-314의 진통작용은 TRPV1 통로를 이용하여 세포막 내로 이동하여 작용이 나타났으며 고농도의 QX-314는 TRPV1 통로와 무관하게 진통작용을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 측두하악관절 장애로 인해 발생되는 염증성 통증에 QX-314가 효과적인 치료제로 사용할 수 있다는 것을 말해주며, 특히 고농도의 QX-314가 세포막을 이동하는 경로에 대한 연구가 더 진행된다면 임상에서 QX-314가 진통제로서 사용할 수 있는 계기가 될 것으로 판단된다.

An assessment was made of the toxicity of hiba, Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai, oil and 24 oil constituents and control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (0.5. 1, 2, and 3% sprays) to adult American house dust mite (AHDM), Dermatophagoides farinae, and copra mite (CM), Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Results were compared with those of three conventional acaricides benzyl benzoate, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), and permethrin. Based on 24 h LC50 values, (–)-thujopsene was the most toxic constituent against AHDM (9.82 μg/cm2) and CM (10.92 μg/cm2) and the toxicity of the compound was nearly identical to that of benzyl benzoate (9.33 and 10.14 μg/cm2). High toxicity was also observed with (–)-(E)-pinocarveol, carvacrol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, β-thujaplicin, cedrol, α-terpineol, (+)-ledene, thymol, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol against both mite species (LC50, 11.92–19.19 and 12.49–22.97 μg/cm2). These constituents were more toxic than deet (LC50, 35.53 and 38.42 μg/cm2). Hiba applied as 2 and 3% sprays provided >95% mortality against both mite species, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/L spray treatment resulted in ca 11% mortality. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments justify further studies on hiba oil preparations containing the constituents described as potential contact-action fumigants or lead molecules for the control of mite populations.

An assessment was made of the biological control potential of mud loaches, Misgurnus mizolepis, toward Culex pipiens molestus, in laboratory condition and septic tank and rainwater storage tank (RST) systems. Results were compared with those of temephos 20% emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTI). In the laboratory tests, all M. mizolepis survived on waters from the settling tank of aerobic septic tank (AST), sump tank of AST, and RST. However, all M. mizolepis died within 3 h after introduction in the settling tank and sump tank waters of anaerobic septic tank (AnAST). Gill or dorsal fin inflammation was detected in the dead mud loaches. M. mizolepis consumed an average of 968–1087, 901–986, and 993–1087 of 1500 third instars of Cx. p. molestus in AST settling tank, AST sump tank, and RST waters, respectively. In the AST and RST systems, predation of Cx. p. molestus by mud loaches at a release rate of 900 larvae/fish resulted in complete mosquito control from the first wk after treatment through the end of the survey period for 16 wk. The average mosquito reduction rates by temephos 20% EC and BTI treatments were 28.6 and 2.1% 2 wk post-treatment, respectively. Mud loaches merit further study as a potential biological control agent for the control of mosquito populations in light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the aquatic environment.

The defect sites on chemical vapor deposition grown graphene are investigated through the selective electrochemical deposition (SED) of Au nanoparticles. For SED of Au nanoparticles, an engineered potential pulse is applied to the working electrode versus the reference electrode, thereby highlighting the defect sites, which are more reactive relative to the pristine surface. Most defect sites decorated by Au nanoparticles are situated along the Cu grain boundaries, implying that the origin of the defects lies in the synthesis of uneven graphene layers on the rough Cu surface.

Field research was undertaken for recovering mosquito larval mermithid parasite, Romanomermis species in rice fields in 54 different areas in period of May through October, 2009. Of 54 area rice fields surveyed, Romanomermis sp. recoveries were made from 4 areas. 32 Anopheles mosquito larvae, malaria disease vector were infected and died from samples collected in Pochon area, and a total of 10 Culex mosquito larvae, house frequenting mosquito were infected to death in 3 different areas, Gimpo, Sangju and Gurae, respectively. On the basis of positive natural infection record, an intensive host-parasite occurrences and/or population study was surveyed in foci area of Pochon in small pond (P) and Rice paddies (A and B) during 5 months till end of October. The natural mermithid infection was continuously occurred from June through October in weekly samples, however the rate of infection was appeared higher in June-July, thereafter the rate gradually decreased in progress of the season. The highest natural infection rate was observed from the Pond 9.1% followed by Rice paddy "A" 5.2%, Rice paddy "B" 2.4%, respectively. Including 2 other Rice paddies "C" and "D", a total mosquito larvae collected was 3,270, an overall average natural infection rate was recorded as 3.7% (121 Anopheles mosquito larvae infected).

We investigated the effect of diameter and content of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the physical properties of styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR)/CNTs nanocomposites. CNTs-reinforced SBR nanocomposites were prepared by the melt mixing process. CNTs with different diameters were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition method (CVD). In this work, the mechanical property and other physical properties of SBR/CNTS nanocomposites were discussed as a function of the content and diameter of CNTs.