Livestock wastewater has high potential as one of energy resources because this wastewater is including high organic matter. Therefore the studies attempting to bio-gasification and bio-electricity generation using livestock wastewater is being tried. The pre-treatment system used in this study was the purpose to control the ammonia nitrogen in conjunction with the system and the microbial fuel cell. Because ammonia nitrogen is to inhibit the electricity generation efficiency of microbial fuel cell. These studies were to ascertain the effect of oxidants on the nitrogen removal in the pre-treatment system using catalyst and microbubbles to treat the ammonia nitrogen. The three kinds of oxidant such as air, oxygen (O2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used to know the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal. This system was operated with four kinds of conditions. First method is O2 gas with 100 mL/min with 1ml of 30% H2O2 was supplied to the wastewater. A second method, the O2, with 400 and 1,000 mL/min was supplied through the flow meter before livestock wastewater was flow in the reactor. The last method, air was supplied 800 mL/min. The nitrate removal had no significant difference all conditions except the air supply. On the other hand, the ammonia and nitrate nitrogen removal when oxygen was supplied with 1000 mL O2/min was higher than that of the other conditions. The removal rate when air was supplied 800 mL/min was similar to the value in the supplied with 400 ml O2/min. This result showed that oxidant was important factor to improve the ammonia nitrogen removal rate.

Miraculin can modify a sour taste into a sweet taste and is an alternative to traditional sweeteners. Mirculin gene was introduced into the Miyagawa Wase Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) callus by Agrobacterum-mediated transformation to produce citrus transgenic plant. Transgenic plant candidates were selected via hygromycin resistance. Transformation was confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction, Southern blotting, and Western blot analysis. Expression of this gene in transgenic citrus resulted in the accumulation of miraculin protein in the leaves. Multiple Shoots of transgenic citrus planets were micrografted onto trifoliate rootstocks in the sterile soil. Plants were established in the greenhouse 2 years after planting.

Somatic embryogenic calli were obtained from different native citrus species in Jeju island, South Korea. Undeveloped ovules were cultured on 5 different media, respectively; MSI (MS, modified, with the addition of malt extract 500 mg･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･L-1), MSII (MS, modified, with the addition of malt extract 500 mg･L-1 , kinetin 1 mg･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･L-1), MSIII (MS, modified, with the addition of malt extract 500 mg･L-1, 6-benzyladenine, 3 mg･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･L-1), EME-S (MT, modified, with the addition of malt extract 500 mg･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･L-1), 1/2 EME-S (half concentration of MT marcronutrients, half concentratrion of BH3 marcronutrients, malt extract 500 mg･L-1, glutamine 1.55 g･L-1 and sucrose 50 g･L-1 and agar 2 g･ L-1). Embryogenic calli were induced in the surface of undeveloped ovules in different manners, depending on citrus species and culture conditions. Somatic embryos developed into plantlets with a high frequency. Citrus embryogenic calli can be applied widely to somatic hybridization, genetic transformation, and in vitro germplasm conservation

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes cinnamyl aldehydes into cinnamyl alcohols, the final step in lignin biosynthesis. In this studied the purification, identification and characterization of a new cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene isolated from Citrus platymamma hort. Ex Tanaka. We expressed CAD potential gene in E.coli and then characterized its features in variety of specificity aldehydes substrates. The recombinant CAD protein was shown highest efficiently catalytic toward cinnamyl and coniferyl aldehydes and the shown lowest efficiently catalytic toward sinapyl aldehydes. We used a new improved analytical HPLC method in CAD enzymatic assay for fast and accurately measurement in various aldehydes substrates. In conclusion, our studies indicated the enzymatic activity of cDNA cloned CAD protein from Citrus platymamma hort. Ex Tanaka.

Purple acid phosphatase is important for phosphorus remobilization in plants, but its role in plant adaptation to low phosphorus availability is not known. The cDNA encoding O. sativa purple acid phosphatase (OsPAP1) has 1008 bp with an open reading frame of 335 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of OsPAP1 cDNA shows of 50-51% identity with other plant purple acid phosphatases. OsPAP1 was expressed in rice plants and in cell cultures in the absence of phosphate (Pi). The expression was organ-specific with the strongest expression in Pi-deprived roots. Functional expression of the OsPAP1 gene in the transgenic Arabidopsis line was confirmed by northern and western blot analysis. OsPAP1 overexpression lines had higher phosphatase activity than wild-type. Overexpression of OsPAP1 in Arabidopsis plants resulted in increased Pi accumulation under Pi sufficient condition. These results show that the OsPAP1 gene represents more efficient Pi uptake and can be used to develop new transgenic dicotyledonous plants.

Total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity were analyzed from rice samples collected in Korea, Japan and China. The results showed that the total phenolic content and free-radical scavenging activity differed significantly in these rice lines. The correlation between content and activity was subsequently investigated. The results showed that in black rice, anthocyanin was the major phenolic component and that both phenolic content and anthocyanin content were closely correlated with free-radical scavenging activity. Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) data showed that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside composed about 90% of the total anthocyanin content in black rice and in red rice. In the red rice extract, the total phenolic content produced a high correlation coefficient with antioxidant activity but correlated very poorly with the total anthocyanin content. The OD458 and the OD500 values which represent the proanthocyanidin content of the rice extract, produced high correlation coefficients with antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. These results suggest that the OD458 and the OD500 values can be used to evaluate the quality of red rice. In addition, based on the data obtained, a competitive accumulation model of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in black and red rice was proposed.

본 연구의 목적은 생활체육 참여자들의 지속행동이 운동중독에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 있다. 연구대상은 수도권지역에서 다양한 종목의 생활체육 프로그램에 참가하고 있는 20세 이상의 일반 성인 남․녀 239명(남: 150명, 여: 89명)을 본 연구의 최종분석대상으로 삼았다. 대상자의 평균 연령은 38.62세(SD=10.54)이고 운동경력은 3.97년 이었다. 수집된 자료는 기술분석, 중다회귀분석(multiple regression analysis)을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 지속행동 요인 중 태도는 사회적 문제, 운동의존, 금단증세, 운동동기에 정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 통제지각은 금단증세에 부적인 영향을 미쳤다. 참여의도는 금단증세와 운동동기에 정적인 영향을 미치는 반면, 주관적 규준은 운동중독요인에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 625명의 생활체육 참여자들을 표집 하여 그들의 운동중독요인(사회적 문제, 운동의존, 금단증세, 운동동기, 운동욕구)에 영향을 주는 운동행동(빈도, 시간, 강도, 기간)변인들의 예측력을 분석하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 측정도구는 Adams(2001)와 Ogden 등(1997)의 선행연구를 토대로 김재훈(2007)이 개발한 운동중독질문지(EAQ)를 사용하였다. 일련의 단계적 중다회귀분석을 실시한 결과 운동참여자들의 집단별(성, 건강, 종목별) 운동행동변인은 대부분의 운동중독요인에 유의한 영향력을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 사회․심리측정적 관점과 운동중독의 특수성과 관련하여 논의하였으며, 집단별 운동행동변인이 운동중독에 차이 있는 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 예상을 제공하였다. 마지막으로, 이 연구는 운동참여자들의 운동중독에 대한 미래 연구방향에 대하여 논의하였다.

본 연구는 생활체육 참여자들의 운동중독 검사지의 구조적 타당성검증에 그 목적이 있다. 선행문헌 및 Adams(2001)와 Ogden 등(1997)의 운동중독 질문지(EBS, EDQ)를 토대로 초기 98문항으로 1차 예비판이 제작되었다. 내용타당도와 안면타당도를 거쳐 69문항으로 축소하고, 예비연구를 통해 28문항 5요인 6점 척도(1점: 전혀 아니다~6점: 매우 그렇다)로 결정하였다. 625명의 생활체육 참여자들을 대상으로 탐색적 요인분석 결과 사회적 문제, 운동의존, 금단증세, 운동동기, 운동욕구의 5요인 24문항이 추출되었다. 고유치는 3.54~2.05이고, 요인적재치는 .505~.879로 나타났으며, 전체 설명변량은 56.45%였다. 신뢰도 검증결과 내적합치도 Cronbach' α는 .83~.73로 나타났다. 확인적 요인분석 결과 적합도 지수가 다소 낮았다. 모델 찾기를 통해 수정모델를 검증한 결과 전반적 적합도 지수(Q=3.54 GFI=.93, CFI= .91, RMR=0.087)가 승인 가능한 수준에서 타당화 되었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 사회심리측정적 관점과 운동중독의 특수성과 관련하여 논의하였으며, 보다 구체적인 준거관련 타당도를 확보하는 등의 후속연구에 대한 필요성을 제시하였다.

Foehn damage on rice plant is one of the important abiotic stresses in eastern costal area of Korea. To know the relationship between foehn impact and morphological traits of rice, wind tunnel method was used with 106 rice cultivars. Less influencing traits on foehn were short panicle, large panicle number per hill, thin panicle neck, and the flag leaf of narrow, short and thick. Leaf pubescence reduced the impact on foehn. 'Naepungbyeo' belong-ed to foehn tolerant varietal group, while 'Ansanbyeo' belonged to the opposite group. Three levels of root cutting treatment with two rice cultivars were conducted to evaluate the foehn impact using wind tunnel. The severity of wind damages was followed the sigmoidal curve duration of wind tunnel treatment were prolonged. Different responses of root cutting to wind tunnel treatment could be used to evaluate the severity of the foehn impact. 'Naepungbyeo' was one of the less implausible cultivars on foehn. 'Nae-pungbyeo' showed tolerant response to wind under 21% root removing treat-ment (20㎝ root cutting), however 'Ansanbyeo' was wilted under the same treatment. In case of 35 % root removing treatment(10㎝ root cutting), both rice cultivars failed to alive against foehn wind.