UV and O3 are materials used in the water treatment process, and many studies have been reported to remove organic matters, contaminants, and microorganisms. In this study, we were investigated effects of Chirnomidae (Chironomus flaviplumus, Chironomus riparius), which are contamination indicator species to exposure UV and O3 for the survival rate, body color change and gene expression response. The survival rate of C. flaviplumus exposed to UV decreased to about 70% after 24 hours, and C. riparius about 50%. There was no change in the survival rate of C. flaviplumus exposed to O3, and C. riparius decreased to 95% after 10 minutes of exposure, but there was no change during the subsequent exposure time. In addition, UV and O3 exposure to the two species in body color faded in a time-dependent. In the HSP70 gene expression, C. riparius showed an increase in expression after UV exposure compared to the control group, and a significant difference was shown 12 hours after exposure (P<0.05). C. flaviplumus exposed to O3 showed a relatively low expression compared to the control group, and showed a significant difference at 10 minutes and 1 hour after exposure (P<0.05). These results reported the ecotoxicological effects on Chironomidae according to UV and O3 exposure. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as basic data to understand the effects of UV and O3, which are disinfectants used in water treatment plants, on Chirnomidae entering plants. Key words: Chironomus flaviplumus, Chironomus riparius, UV, O3, acute toxicity, survival

The Hangang River* is necessary to manage the water environment of severe pollution due to the high density of residential areas, parks, and agriculture and the large population concentrated there. Benthic macroinvertebrates, such as chironomids larvae, are bioindicator species that reflect environmental changes and are crucial for water quality monitoring. In this study, we investigated morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of the chironomids larvae inhabiting the Hangang River area for water environment surveys. For this research, 20 rivers, lakes, and urban area in the Hangang River basin were selected. Chironomids larvae were collected from July to September 2022, and their appearance and characteristics were identified through morphological identification. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the mtCOI gene sequences of the collected chironomids larvae, and identification at the genus level was confirmed. As a result, 32 species and 18 genera of 3 subfamilies of Chironomidae larvae were identified, and Stictochironomus sp. dominated most sites (6 sites). The morphological characteristics of the identified chironomids larvae, such as the mentum, ventromental plate, and antenna, were organized into table and pictorial keys, and a Bayesian inference molecular phylogeny was presented. These results provide basic morphological information for genus-level identification and can be used as fundamental information for water quality management. *The public nomenclature following by NGII 2015

The fish community in the Seomjin River-Seomjin River Estuary-Gwangyang Bay coast continuum was investigated three times from March 2019 to October 2019. The collected species at the eight sites during the survey period were 49 species belonging to 31 families, including two endangered species. According to Bray-Curtis similarities, observations were divided into four groups based on the fish community composition; two groups (group 1, 2) and two uncategorized groups (group 3, 4). ANOSIM based on spatial and temporal groupings indicated that the spatial differences in fish communities (R=0.398, P=0.001) were relatively more important than the temporal differences (analysis of similarities, R=0.273, P=0.002). In particular, there were significant differences between groups 1 and 2 (analysis of similarities, R=0.556, P=0.001), and similarity percentage analysis revealed that Argyrosomus argentatus (9.4%), Favonigobius gymnauchen (6.9%) and Konosirus punctatus (5.9%) contributed to these differences of fish assemblages for each group. The fish fauna distributed in the Seomjin River-Gwangyang Bay ecosystem were spatially divided and the number of species and number of individuals showed seasonal differences. This study could be a basis for understanding changes in the fish community and implementing conservation and management strategies on major species within a continuous environment of the river-estuary-ocean continuum.

깔따구 (Diptera: Chironomidae)는 저서성 대형무척추동 물로 환경 및 수질 변화에 민감한 영향을 받는 중요한 환경 지표생물이다. 이러한 깔따구 유충이 정수장에서 본 연구에서는 제주 정수처리장에서 발견된 깔따구 유충의 종을 분류하기 위해 형태 사진 및 COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) Primer로 증폭시킨 DNA의 염기서열을 계통수 분석을 통해 분석을 실시하였다. 정수장 내 수도꼭지와 소화관 등에서 채집된 17개체는 둥근깃깔따구 (O. tamarutilus) 14개체, 타마긴털깔따구 (P. tammaater) 3개체 총 2종으로 확인되었다. 각 깔따구 종의 형태적 특징은 두부, 하순기절, 대악, 안테나, 발톱의 형태적 특징의 분류기로 종 동정하였다. NCBI Genbank에 등록된 깔따구 19종 COI 염기서열을 기반으로 본 연구에서 조사된 17개체의 계통진화적 분석 결과 채집된 깔따구 COI 염기서열이 둥근깃깔따구 (O. tamarutilus)와 타 마긴털깔따구 (P. tammaater) 2종으로 각각 계통군 (clade)를 이루는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 정수장 환경별 발견 되는 깔따구 유충의 다양성의 확인과 형태적-유전적 종 동정 분류정보를 바탕으로 수환경 관리 및 평가를 위한 기반 정보로 활용될 것이다.

Effects of pH and salt concentration on rheological and thermal properties of Pacific whiting surimi were investigated. As pH increased from 6 to 7.5, failure shear stress and strain values increased from 15.4 to 31.32 kPa, whereas lightness values (L * ) decreased from 86.22 to 78.86. Storage modulus (G') followed a trend similar to failure shear stress. A linear relationship (r 2 =0.89) was found between G' and failure stress values as a function of pH. Increasing salt concentration up to 1% increased failure shear stress to 27.14 kPa without salt to 34.30 kPa, and strain values from 1.73 to 1.91, whereas further increase had a negative effect. The relationship between dynamic rheological data and failure shear stress was not linear, indicating that salt concentration cannot be used as an index for estimating final gel quality. The transition temperatures obtained from temperature sweep measurements of Pacific whiting surimi at different salt concentrations showed similar peak temperatures as DSC thermograms, indicating lower stability due to increased salt concentration.

오염지표생물로서 널리 활용되고 있는 깔따구는 잡식, 초식, 육식성 등 종에 따라 다양한 섭식형태를 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그중 잡식성으로 알려져 있는 삼지창무늬깔따구 (P. scalaenum)는 국내의 다양한 하천 생태계에서 우점하기 때문에 하천 생태계 내 먹이 사슬에 있어 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 먹이원에 대한 자세한 정보가 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 4대강의 대표적인 보 (이포보, 세종보, 죽산보, 강정고령보, 달성보) 구간에 서식하는 삼지창무늬깔따구를 대상으로 소화관 내용물을 분석하여 먹이원을 파악하고자 하였다. 이포보에서 채집된 깔따구 소화관에서 동물플랑크톤의 사체 (부속지, 강모 등)가 다수 포함된 반면, 다른 4개보의 깔따구 소화관에서는 식물플랑크톤이 주를 이루고 있었다. 깔따구의 소화관 내용물과 환경에 식물플랑크톤 종 조성은 매우 유사하였으며, 정점 간 종 조성의 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 본 연구에서 수행된 삼지창무늬깔따구의 소화관 분석은 잡식성 깔따구의 섭식 특성을 파악할 수 있었으며, 특히 깔따구의 소화관 내용물 분석을 통한 주변 수환경 내 기초생산자의 종 조성 파악 연구의 가능성을 보였다.

국내 하천에서 발생하는 준설 및 보 건설은 하천 연속성 차단과 교란을 유도하여 수서 생물서식환경에 변화를 가져 온다. 본 연구에서는 4대강 보 (이포보, IP; 세종보, SJ; 죽산보, JS; 강정고령보, GG; 달성보, DS)에 서식하는 깔따구 군집 분포를 조사하고 서식환경에 영향을 주는 여러 환경인자를 측정하였다. 조사 지역 중 IP, SJ은 다른 조사 지역에 비해 WT, pH, TOC, Chl-a가 낮은 수준을 보였으며, 깔따구 개체수 결과에서는 Chironominae, Orthocladinae, Tanypodinae 가 비교적 균등한 수준으로 관찰되었다. 반면, JS, GG, DS는 Chironominae가 높은 비율로 우점하며, TOC와 Chl-a의 농도가 높게 나타났다. 각 조사 정점에 대한 깔따구 군집 조성의 특징과 환경요인을 반영한 집괴분석 결과 4대강 보는 3개의 그룹으로 구분되었으며, 이는 정점별 환경 차이와 깔따구의 대악 및 하순기절의 구조에 따른 먹이원 선호도 차이와 일치하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 연구 정점 간 먹이원의 차이에 의해 깔따구의 군집 구조의 차이가 나타나는 것을 확인 하였으며, 향후 각 깔따구 과 별 주 먹이원에 대한 연구에 대한 필요성을 제시한다.

Environmental conditions during early mammalian embryo development are critical and some adaptational phenomena are observed. However, the mechanisms underlying them remain largely masked. Previously, we reported that AQP5 expression is modified by the environmental condition without losing the developmental potency. In this study, AQP11 was examined instead. To compare expression pattern between in vivo and in vitro, we conducted quantitative RT-PCR and analyzed localization of the AQP11 by whole mount immunofluorescence. When the fertilized embryos were developed in the maternal tracts, the level of Aqp11 transcripts was decreased dramatically until 2-cell stage. Its level increased after 2-cell stage and peaked at 4-cell stage, but decreased again dramatically until morula stage. Its transcript level increased again at blastocyst stage. In contrast, the levels of Aqp11 transcript in embryos cultured in vitro were as follows. The patterns of expression were similar but the overall levels were low compared with those of embryos grown in the maternal tracts. AQP11 proteins were localized in submembrane cytoplasm of embryos collected from maternal reproductive tracts. The immune-reactive signals were detected in both trophectoderm and inner cell mass. However, its localization was altered in in vitro culture condition. It was localized mainly in the plasma membrane of the blastocysts contacting with external environment. The present study suggests that early stage embryo can develop successfully by themselves adapting to their environmental condition through modulation of the expression level and localization of specific genes like AQP11.