The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of different storage periods of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-fermented low moisture fresh rice straw silage. The low moisture fresh rice straw sample was inculcated with LAB and stored for different storage periods such as 45, 90, and 365 days, respectively. The low moisture fresh rice straw (LMFRS) silage inoculated with LAB exhibited reduction in pH throughout the fermentation as compared with the control (P<0.05). The lactic acid content was increased at the late fermentation period (90 and 365 days, respectively) in LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control (P<0.05). In contrast, the acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations were slightly reduced in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage sample at 90 and 365 days fermentation, respectively. Meanwhile, the non-inoculated LMFRS silage showed higher amounts of acetic acid and butyric acid at an extended fermentation with low bacterial population as compared with the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage. However, lactic acid concentration was slightly high in the non-inoculated LMFRS silage at early 45 days fermentation. Additionally, the nutrient profile such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and total digestibility nutrients (TDN) were not significantly different in control and LAB inculcated samples during all fermentation. Though, the microbial population was greater in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control. However, the massive population was noted in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage during all fermentation. It indicates that the inoculated LAB is the main reason for increasing fermentation quality in the sample through pH reduction by organic acids production. Overall results suggest that the LAB inoculums are the effective strain that could be a suitable for LMFRS silage fermentation at prolonged days.

The effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) mixtures on low moisture Italian ryegrass (IRG) silage fermentation was evaluated in field conditions. The experiment was categorized into two groups: Un-inoculated (Control) and Inoculated with LAB mixture for four storage periods (45, 90, 180, and 365 days, respectively). Silage inoculated with the LAB mixture had the lowest pH with highest lactic acid production than the control from beginning at 45-365 days at all moistures. Higher LAB counts were observed in inoculated silages than the control silages at whole experimental periods. It is a key reason for the rapid acidification and higher lactic acid production in silages during the storage periods. Overall results suggest that an adding of LAB mixture had positive effects on the increasing aerobic stability of silage and preserved its quality for an extended duration.

This study was carried out to explore the accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) for the prediction of moisture content and chemical parameters on winter annual forage crops. A population of 2454 winter annual forages representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Samples of forage were scanned at 1nm intervals over the wavelength range 680-2500nm and the optical data was recorded as log 1/Reflectance(log 1/R), which scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares(PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with spectral math treatments to reduced the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation(R2) and the lowest standard error of cross-validation(SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS calibration model to predict the moisture contents and chemical parameters had very high degree of accuracy except for barely. The R2 and SECV for integrated winter annual forages calibration were 0.99(SECV 1.59%) for moisture, 0.89(SECV 1.15%) for acid detergent fiber, 0.86(SECV 1.43%) for neutral detergent fiber, 0.93(SECV 0.61%) for crude protein, 0.90(SECV 0.45%) for crude ash, and 0.82(SECV 3.76%) for relative feed value on a dry matter(%), respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of NIRS method to predict the moisture and chemical composition of winter annual forage for routine analysis method to evaluate the feed value.

본 연구는 우리나라에서 여름철 조사료자원으로서 난지 형목초의 재배 가능성을 검토하고 저 수분 저장 조사료 생 산에 적합한 여름철 사료작물을 선발하기 위하여 난지형 목초의 생육특성, 사초 생산성 및 사료가치를 평가하기 위 하여 충남 천안에서 2013년 5월부터 2014년 12월까지 수 행하였다. 난지형 화본과 목초인 버뮤다그라스 “Tifton 85”, “Cheyenne Ⅱ”, “Mohawk” 3품종, 테프그라스 “Tiffany”, “Emerald” 품종과 클라인그라스 “Selection 75” 품종을 매 년 5월말부터 6월 초순 사이에 파종하였다. 버뮤다그라스 와 클라인그라스의 출현 소요일은 파종 후 11~12일 정도 소요되었으며 테프그라스는 파종 후 2일정도 소요되는 것 으로 나타났다. 버뮤다그라스는 시험기간 동안 전혀 출수 가 이루어지지 않았으며, 테프그라스는 7월 10일경, 클라인 그라스는 7월 24일경에 출수기에 도달하였다. 난지형 목초 의 사초생산성은 버뮤다그라스 Tifton 85 품종의 건물 및 TDN 수량이 각각 13,159, 7,764 kg/ha으로 가장 높게 나타 났으며 테프그라스가 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. NDF와 ADF 함량은 초종 간에 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 단 백질 함량은 버뮤다그라스가 평균 11.5%로 난지형 목초 중 가장 높게 나타났다. 총 가소화영양소(TDN) 함량은 테 프그라스 Tiffany 품종이 63.6%로 가장 높게 나타났으며 in vitro 건물소화율은 초종 간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면 우리나라에서 여름철 조사료 자 원으로 난지형 목초의 재배 및 이용 가능성이 충분하였으 며, 월동이 가능한 제주도와 남부지방에서는 영년생 방목 초지용으로 활용성이 높고, 월동이 불가능한 중북부 지역 에서는 1년생 여름철 사료작물로 이용하는 것이 우리나라 에서 난지형 목초를 효율적으로 이용할 수 있는 방법으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 조사료 종류와 수확시기에 따른 linoleic acid 함량 변화를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 우리나라에서 재 배되는 주요 목초 및 사료작물에 대하여 3번의 수확시기로 구분하여 분석을 하였으며 전체 19종의 목초 및 사료작물 이 조사대상 이었다. 대상작물은 우리나라에서 많이 재배 되는 8종의 화본과 목초(Perennial ryegrass, Reed canarygrass, Tall fescue, Timothy, Bromegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, Orchardgrass and Wheat grass), 6종의 두과목초 (White clover, Red clover, Sweet clover, Crimson clover, Alfalfa and Hairy vetch), 그리고 5종의 월동 사료작물 (Italian ryegrass, Barley, Rye, Oat and Rape)에 대하여 3번 의 수확시기를 두었다(5월 8일, 5월 19일 및 5월 28일). 화본과 목초 중에서는 Reed canarygrass와 timothy가 가장 높은 linoleic acid 함량을 나타내었고 남방형 목초인 bromegrass가 가장 낮았다. 모든 초종은 5월 19일 조사 시 가장 높은 농도를 나타내었고 5월 28일 조사 시 가장 낮았 다. 두과목초는 화본과 목초보다 linoleic acid 함량이 높게 나타났으며 5월 19일 수확 시 가장 높은 농도를 보였다. 사료작물 중에서는 유채가 가장 높은 농도를 보였으며 호 밀은 높은 수준이었다. 조사된 전체 조사료에서 수확시기 가 진행됨에 따라 linoleic acid 함량이 감소하는 것으로 나 타났다. 이상의 연구를 종합하여 볼 때 육종, 품종의 선택 및 재배관리를 통하여 CLA 전구물질인 linoleic acid 함량 을 변화시켜 반추가축 생산물의 조성을 변화시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has become increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method of evaluating some chemical compositions in forages and feedstuff. This study was carried out to explore the accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the prediction of chemical parameters of fresh whole crop barley silages. A representative population of 284 fresh whole crop barley silages was used as a database for studying the possibilities of NIRS to predict chemical composition. Samples of silage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680~2,500 nm and the optical data were recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R) and were scanned in fresh condition. NIRS calibrations were developed by means of partial least-squares (PLS) regression. NIRS analysis of fresh whole crop barley silages provided accurate predictions of moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP) and pH, as well as lactic acid content with correlation coefficients of cross-validation (R2cv) of 0.96, 0.81, 0.79, 0.84, 0.72 and 0.78, respectively, and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) of 1.26, 2.83, 2.18, 1.19, 0.13 and 0.32% DM, respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of the NIRS method to predict the chemical parameters of fresh whole crop barley silages as a routine analysis method in feeding value evaluation and for farmer advice.