This qualitative case study explores multilingual learners’ linguistic practices and how they are interrelated with their identities in the context of a Korean alternative school. The learners are two Chosunjok, and one North Korean refugee child. The data were derived from the learners’ digital storytelling videos, semi-structured interviews, stimulated-recall interviews, and observation field notes. The data were thematically analyzed and organized using Rose’s (2007) sites of visual meaning-making structure. The findings revealed that the learners had different amounts of access to information regarding second language learning, and that they depended on the resources available within the communities they belonged to. Moreover, the participants’ levels of investment in language learning were constructed around their communities and identities. Their attitudes in language learning were also interrelated with the broader English language ideologies in South Korea. By sharing the stories of three multilingual learners, the study provides pedagogical implications on the influence of resources on multilingual learners’ language learning. We emphasize the importance of providing a space for multilingual learners to critically reflect on current and future resources, utilize their full communicative repertoire, and identify ways to increase their affordances of learning.

동해연안의 반폐쇄성 해역인 영일만에서 고주파해양레이더(HF-Radar)로 측정된 표층 해수유동 자료를 활용하여 1)바람과 수평 적인 해수유동 사이의 상관성을 파악하고 2)수직적으로 조밀한 간격의 층별 수온시계열 자료와 연계하여 수평적 및 수직적 해수유동의 특성을 파악하였다. 시계열 관측기간 중 영일만 해역의 전역에 걸쳐 북동풍이 우세하게 나타났을 때 표층부터 저층까지 수온의 급격한 상승이 동반되었다. 또한 표층의 장주기 해수유동에서도 풍향과 유사한 방향의 흐름이 뚜렷하게 관측되었다. 바람과 표층 해류 사이의 지 연상관 분석을 통해 영일만에 북동풍의 바람이 불기 시작하여 일정하게 지속된다면 짧은 시간(1 ~ 2시간) 내에 남서향의 표층 해류가 발 생되는 것을 확인하였다. 일평균된 장주기 표층 해류로부터 수렴과 발산을 계산하였고 이를 통해 층별 관측지점에서 발생한 두 번의 급 격한 저층수온 상승이벤트가 모두 영일만의 북동풍과 연관된 표층 해수(상대적 고온수)의 수렴(침강) 현상으로 인해 나타난 것으로 판단 하였다.

This study aimed to examine the changes in dry matter yield and growth characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in response to variations in sowing dates during the autumn season of 2021-22 in a dry paddy field of Chilbo-myeon, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do. Treatments comprised four sowing dates at 10-day intervals, i.e., October 8, October 18, October 28, and November 8, 2021. The winter survival rate of alfalfa showed a significant difference between different treatments but was at a satisfactory level for all (p<0.05). The winter survival rate for the fourth sowing date, a month later than the first sowing date, was approximately 11.7% lower than that for the first sowing date. The plant height ranged between 82.3–93.1 cm and 60.5–63.7 cm at the first and second harvest, respectively, smaller at the second harvest than at the first harvest. The total dry matter yield of alfalfa was the highest at 13,316 kg/ha for the first sowing date, and the later the sowing date, the lower the dry matter yield. The protein content of alfalfa ranged between 13.6–17.3% in the first harvest, lower than the standard alfalfa protein content of 20% or more. In relative feed value, the first sowing (Oct. 8) was the most significantly higher in the first harvest (p<0.05). These results suggest that the early and mid-October sowing dates are optimum for sowing alfalfa during autumn and result in improved plant growth, dry matter yield, protein content, and winter survival compared to those at later sowing dates. Therefore, dry paddy fields can be safely employed for alfalfa cultivation with sowing dates in early and mid-October during autumn.

A survey was conducted to analyze seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton community at 22 stations on the surface and bottom layers in the Anma Islands of Yeonggwang (AIY) in the southern West Sea, Korea from the spring of 2020 to the winter of 2021, using a marine survey vessel Ed Ocean. Based on the survey results, there were 87 phytoplankton species in 52 genera, diatoms accounted for 67.8%, dinoflagellates 26.5%, silicoflagellates 3.5%, and cryptomonads and euglenoids accounted for 1.1% each. By season, it was simple in spring and relatively varied in winter. The phytoplankton standing crop on the surface was low (28.8±30.1 cells mL-1) in summer and high (87.0±65.1 cells mL-1) in spring. In the phytoplankton community, diatoms showed a high share (over 80%) throughout the year, and Skeletonema costatum-ls was the dominant species with a dominance of more than 60% in spring and winter, and 34.6% and 24.2% in summer and autumn, respectively. The diversity expressing the characteristics of the community structure was high (2.79±0.45) in autumn and low (1.82±0.18) in spring, unlike the phytoplankton standing crop. However, the dominance was high at (0.86±0.08) in spring and low (0.44±0.13) in autumn. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) using environmental and phytoplankton-related factors, it was estimated that the biological oceanographic environmental characteristics seen through the phytoplankton community in the AIY were dominated by nutrients supplied from open seawater and surface sediments by seawater mixing, such as tidal mixing.

Destruxins (Dtxs) are insecticidal cyclic hexadepsipeptides produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Media composition for dtxs production was optimized with industrial grade media. Glycerol and casein peptone were selected as a carbon source and a nitrogen source, respectively. Dtxs production varied with C/N ratios. High yields of dtxs were observed at C/N ratios ranging 0.3 to 1.5, with concentrations mostly higher than 800 mg/L. Low yields were caused by high C/N ratio ranging from 3.0 to 8.0, resulting in less than 500 mg/L. The highest yield of Dtxs was obtained with 2% glycerol and 3% casein peptone, showing 192.2 mg/L of dtx A, 911.1 mg/L of dtx B, and 113.3 mg/L of dtx E, respectively. These results indicated that dtxs production is highly influenced by C/N ratio, especially the content of nitrogen source.

Pleurotus eryngii is one of the most commercially important mushrooms cultivated in Korea. However, the shelf-life of the fruiting body is short, limiting its export. A new hybrid strain H17 of P. eryngii was developed to extend the shelf-life by mono-mono crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from DanBi and KNR2774. Although the cultivation period of H17 was slightly longer than that of the reference cultivar Kenneutari No.2, the quality did not change and remained normal after a period of 65.0 days at 4°C. This result was significantly different from that of the reference cultivar Kenneutari No.2. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new hybrid strain H17 revealed a different profile from that of the parental and reference cultivars when random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers was used. These results demonstrate that H17 is a new cultivar with improved storability after harvesting.

Considering that the effectiveness of ads varies according to the credibility of consumers, it is necessary to establish data regarding consumer credibility in relation to online reviews. To conduct a successful study on the marketing strategies of online reviews, it is also necessary to analyze the relationship between credibility and the various factors that influence the purchase intentions of consumers. Therefore, this study attempted to examine the relationship between consumer trust of on-line reviews, brand preference, ads credibility, and purchase intentions in relation to cosmetics. The study was conducted through a normative descriptive survey method using stimuli and a self-administered questionnaire. Analysis of the structural equation model was conducted for the data analysis. The results revealed that consumer reliance on online reviews of cosmetics influences brand preference, credibility of brand ads and purchase intentions. The results also revealed that consumers’ on-line reviews, brand preference, and trust of brand ads are important factors for increasing the purchase intentions. The mediation effect of brand preference and brands’ ads credibility were found in the process where on-line reviews exercise an influence on the purchase intentions. It was also found that brand preference has a stronger influence on purchase intention than credibility of brand ads. It was discovered that the credibility of on-line reviews directly influences purchase intentions more than indirectly influences. Considering the results of this study, programs that encourage customers to post on-line reviews, and strategies to promote brand preference by targeting groups that exhibit high trust in online reviews would be recommended.

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is one of potent biological control agents against a variety ofinsect pests. In this study, we investigated enzyme production of M. anisopliae strains A and B. They produced extracellularenzymes for degrading the epidermis of Monochamus alternatus, a crucial mediator of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchusxylophilus. With Q-TOF MS/MS analysis, 29 kDa protein, a major band on a SDS-PAGE gel, was identified as subtilisin-likeserine protease PR1A. M. anisopliae A produced an extracellular enzyme more efficiently than M. anisopliae B: however,enzyme activities targeted for the cuticle were comparable. Our results suggest that the two strains of M. anisopliae havethe biological potential against M. alternatus with insecticidal protease production.

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae B is a powerful biological control agent against Monochamusalternatus, a crucial mediator of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this study, production of destruxins(dtxs), insecticidal cyclic hexadepsipeptides, was monitored in the submerged culture of M. anisopliae B. Three typesof dtxs, i.e., destruxin A, B, and E, were produced during the culture. Among the three dtxs, the production yield ofdestruxin A was best, followed by destruxin B and E. Destruxin A production was increased when pH was controlledat 6.0, whereas production of destruxin E was not affected by the pH control. The highest yield of dtxs A, B, and Ewere 16.4, 7.3, and 6.1 mg L-1, respectively. Considering that process for dtxs production has not been optimized, M.anisopliae B has more powerful implication as a biocontrol agent.