우리나라 식물방역법은 검역병해충으로부터 국내 농업 및 자연환경을 보호하고자 규제병해충(검역병해충, 잠정규제병해충, 규제비검역병해충) 관련 위험평가, 식물검역기술개발계획, 식물검역 절차 및 방법, 검역결과 에 따른 처분, 규제병해충 예찰 및 방제 등에 관한 다양한 법적 절차 등을 규정하고 있다. 하지만, 식물검역병해충 을 어떻게 취급하여야 할 지에 관한 내용은 없다. 따라서 식물방역법이 추구하는 목적을 달성하기 위하여서는 ① 검역병해충을 어떻게 취급하여야 할 지를 규정하여야 하며, ② 검역병해충을 취급하는 시설(검사, 연구, 운송, 보관 등) 기준을 설정하고, ③ 검역병해충 취급 시설을 인증하고, 주기적인 재인증 기준을 설정하여야 한다. 이를 위하여 먼저 식물방역법에 검역병해충 취급시설 등에 관한 규정을 신설하고, 시행령, 시행규칙에 반영한 후에 ① 검역병해충 취급요령 ② 검역병해충 취급시설 기준 ③ 검역병해충 취급시설 인증기준 등의 고시를 제정하여 야 한다. 이를 위하여 식물병해충 관련 학계의 의견 반영이 가장 중요하다.

외래생물인 아메리카동애등에는 뛰어난 유기물분해능으로 주목받아왔다. 이에 우리는 한국내 분포상과 유전적 다양성을 알아보기 위해 전국적으로 채집하여 미토콘드리아의 사이토크롬 C 산화효소 1 (CO1) 유전자를 이용해 집단유전학분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 이 곤충은 한국에 성공적으로 정착한 것으로 보이며 10개의 미토콘드리아 유전자형이 있었고 개체군 간 분화가 뚜렷했다. 이 결과는 국내정착한 아메리카동애등에가 특정 유전자형의 모계만이 도입된 후 지역 간 분산이 제한적임을 나타내는 것으로, 이는 이들의 단거리 비행 경향에 기인한 것으로 추정된다.

The exosomes are the most studied nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles (40-100 nm) in eukaryotic cell. Exosomeharbors various molecular components of their cell origin, including nucleic acids and proteins, and it is involved in intraand intercellular communication. These characteristics make exosomes to be a prospective biomarkers, therapeutic agents,or drug delivery vehicles. Edible insect industry is rapidly growing up in Korea. The insect exosomes were isolated fromthe larvae of Korean rhinoceros beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma, and White-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis, sothat they can be used for diagnosis of insect disease. The stable preservation of exosome is very important for diagnosisand research, especially for long term storage. Here, the stable recovery of exosome isolated from hemolymph of A. dichotomalarva was evaluated by analyzing exosomal protein and RNA after storage in -70°C for three months.

Since we reported a viral disease extremely fatal to A. dichotoma, had landed on Korea in 2015, we have investigated this disease nationwide and it was turned out the viral disease has spread in the majority of the larva-rearing farms all over the country. The transmission of this disease is most severe when the larvae are harvested and stored for overwintering. During this period, even a few virus-infected larvae can easily transmit the virus and about two hundreds of larvae stored in a container can be killed. In a peroral infection experiment, 80% of infected larvae were killed but survived larvae became adults fully functional physiologically. These survived beetles were confirmed as live virus carrier. Also, about 75% of larvae hatched from the eggs laid by the infected beetles were infected and killed by the virus. This vertical transmission is due to the feeding and secretion activity of the infected parents.

The current market size of insect industry in Korea is estimated at 300 million dollars and more than 500 local farms are related to many insect industry. One of the strong candidates for insect industry is Korean horn beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma. Early this year, we reported a viral disease extremely fatal to A. dichotoma larvae. While we were proceeding a nationwide investigation of this disease, several farmers answered that similar disease symptom has been occurred occasionally during past 10 years. The symptom can be easily confused with early stage of bacterial infection or physiological damage including temperature and moisture. A peroral infection with the purified virus to healthy larvae produced a result that only 21% of larvae survived and became pupae. Although some of the survived adult beetle were deformational, many of them had no abnormal appearance and even succeeded in mating. Later, these beetles were examined if they were carrying the virus, and all except one were confirmed as virus carrier. This implies that these beetle may fly out and spread the disease throughout the country. We found the evidence by collecting wild A. dichotoma larvae which were virus infected, near two local farms rearing the horn beetle. So far, transovarial transmission of this virus to the eggs, or horizontal transmission to other commercially reared insects are not known yet.

In Korea, the value of insect resources has been increased immensely and the insect industry is expected to increase up to 40 billion dollars by 2020. Among them, Korean horn beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma, is one of the strongest candidates for insect industry as medicinal purpose for various liver diseases and diabetes. In many local farms rearing larvae, a few bacterial and fungal pathogens causing disease of A. dichotoma larvae have been identified including Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae. For past few years, a disease seemingly due to viral infection has been reported for causing death of larvae en masse. The pathogen of this disease has not been identified so far. In Southeastern Asia, Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) is known to cause severe disease in coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, and is used as a biological control agent to reduce the pest population. Here, we report for the first time that OrNV may have landed on Korea and may be the major pathogen for the diseased larvae of A. dichotoma. After peroral inoculation with the purified virus extracted from the hemolymph of diseased larvae, we confirmed that over 60% of infected larvae perished in six weeks. This viral disease spreads very fast in many farms nationwide throughout Korea. This threat not only makes economic loss of local farms rearing larvae, but also may disturb the ecosystem by transmitting to wild A. dichotoma.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of scapular alignment on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the trapezius in people with a short pectoralis minor muscle. For the study, we recruited 15 volunteers who had positive results for short on a pectoralis minor muscle length test. We measured the EMG activity of the upper, middle and lower trapezius muscles. The participants lifted their dominant arm to ear level with the thumb up toward the ceiling in the prone position on a table with the shoulder at a flexion angle of 180 degrees and a horizontal abduction angle of 120 degrees. Scapula was manually aligned by an experienced physical therapist prior to arm lift for the scapular alignment condition. A paired t-test was used to compare the effects of scapular alignment on the EMG activity of the trapezius muscles. The EMG activity of the lower trapezius muscle was significantly increased during the test with the scapular alignment compared to that without scapular alignment (p<.05), while the upper trapezius and middle trapezius exhibited no significant difference between the two conditions (p>.05). The findings of this study suggest that a scapular alignment may alter the recruitment of the lower trapezius muscle during arm lifting in the prone position in people with a short pectoralis minor muscle.

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation among Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in honeybee. Three sets of primers were selected from different genomic sequences to specifically amplify a 831 bp amplicon within the SSU rRNA gene, specific for both N. apis and N. ceranae (MSSR primer); a 375 bp amplicon within the SSU rRNA gene, specific for N. apis (NA primer); and a 1,131 bp amplicon within SSU rRNA gene, specific for N. ceranae (NC primer). Using the primers in conjunction (multiplex PCR) we were able to N. apis and N. ceranae and to differentiate between them. The sensitivity of this PCR assay was approximately 102 spores per milliliter. We proposed that the multiplex PCR was sensitive, specific and rapid tool that can serve as a useful differential diagnostic tool for detecting N. apis and N. ceranae in honeybee.

Radish is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops in Korea. Root is the major part of radish supplied to the market, thus the size, shape, and quality of radish roots are main targets of breeding programs. Despite of the importance of this crop, the molecular breeding of radish is still in the rudimentary stage. In Golden Seed Project, we aim to establish the molecular breeding program of radish using genome-wide approaches. To this end, we selected inbred lines that have distinctive root traits such as yield, shape, disease resistance, and texture. Single nucleotide variation (SNV) among these lines will be identified based on the low coverage genome sequencing data. These SNVs can be used for finding genomic regions associated with root traits from segregating mapping populations which are also in the middle of development. Korean radish roots are harvested after being grown for only nine weeks. During that period, root biomass reaches to more than two kilograms. While investigating the root growth of radish inbred lines, we found that cytokinin contributes as a key growth regulator that promotes radial growth of radish roots. A difference in growth rates of two distinctive inbred lines was explained by the difference in response to cytokinin. Genes responsive to cytokinin are highly enriched in the cambium, the meristematic cell population that drives radial growth. For comprehensive understanding of genes that affect yields of radish roots, we turned to developing a tissue specific transcriptome data using laser capture microdissection. We expect that the compendium of genomics-based data will help establishing molecular breeding of radish at a fast track.