During reading instruction, sustaining learners’ reading motivation (RM) may be a challenge but a requisite when the goal is to keep learners reading. In the context of the present study, it was examined as to how RM may be sustained in a reading course. For this purpose, information on learners’ RM was collected in a semester-long university reading course with 118 Korean learners of English at the pre- and post-instructional stages of reading. RM was assessed with Motivations for Reading Questionnaire before and after reading instruction. Results indicated that reading involvement had decreased for all learners whereas the less skilled learners demonstrated an increase of reading efficacy and a drop in reading for grades. A linear multiple regression further indicated that reading efficacy was a significant predictor of reading proficiency only for the skilled learners. Implications are presented on how reading needs to be conducted by allowing learners to choose their own materials, which in turn may have an effect on developing more robust forms of RM.

해수담수화는 지구 수자원의 97%에 해당하는 해수를 활용하기 때문에 물부족 문제를 해결할 지속가능한 대안으로 평가받고 있다. 최근에는 증발식 해수담수화 대비 에너지 소모가 낮은 분리막 방식이 널리 적용되고 있으며, 에너지 소모는 3-4 kWh/m3 정도이다. 해수담수화 플랜트 소요비용 중 운영비용이 약 35~65%를 차지하므로 해수담수화 기술의 확대 적용을 위해서는 비용 절감형 운영 기술 개발이 필수적이다. 이에 K-water에서는 ‘중동지역 맞춤형 저에너지 해수담수화플랜트 기술개발’ 과제 참여를 통해 저에너지⋅고효율 해수담수화 운영 기술을 개발하고 있으며, UAE에 구축될 1,000m3/d 규모 플랜트에 적용할 계획이다. 본 기술 적용을 통해 해수담수플랜트 연간 운영비용 증가율을 5% 이내로 유지하는 것을 목표로 한다.

Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) is one of the promising candidates to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels by harnessing energy from the salinity gradient between high-saline and low-saline water. Based on recent advances in the membrane technologies, PRO has re-emerged as a potentially viable energy option. However, several challenges still remain before PRO can reach the commercial stage. Within this context, the objective of this research was to assess the techno-economic feasibility of PRO and PRO-hybrid processes. In particular, model-based performance analysis were conducted for the PRO-hybrid systems. In addition, the influence of colloidal fouling on the performance of PRO process was further investigated. It is expected that this research would help comprehensively understand the PRO-hybrid processes thereby activate further development.

Superovulation is a technique to acquire rats to produce many eggs than normal rats. Superovulated eggs were used to make cloned animals through somatic cell nuclear transfer technology (SCNT). Healthy and valuable oocyte retrieval is essential for successful somatic cell nuclear transfer. Superovulation is also essential to maximize to the yield of IVF-derived rat eggs. Osmotic pumps (Alzet®) are miniature in order to provide research with a convenient, and reliable alternative to chronic injections. Acquiring superovulated oocytes through osmotic pump in minimizing irritation to the uterus and ovaries are competitive. We investigated the effects of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) using osmotic pump in sDM rat. Adult female rats at 11 wks of age were used for superovulation. The response to PMSG and hCG were examined by osmotic pump of 150 IU/kg PMSG + 75 IU/kg hCG or 150 IU/kg PMSG + 150 IU/kg hCG or 300 IU/kg PMSG + 150 IU/kg hCG or 300 IU/kg PMSG + 300 IU/kg hCG. HCG was administered 48 hrs later after administration of PMSG. Oocytes were collected from the oviducts 16–18 hrs after hCG administration. Superovulation was significantly higher in rats administrated 150 IU/kg PMSG + 75 IU/kg hCG. This study demonstrated that healthy oocytes were produced in DM rat by PMSG and hCG that flowed through the osmotic pump ameliorate on uterus and ovaries.

최근 국내외에서는 수질안정성 향상 및 부지면적 저감을 위해 막여과 공정도입이 활발한 추세이며 특히, 정수처리 분야에서는 정밀여과(Microfiltration) 및 한외여과(Ultrafiltration) 공정이 많이 적용되고 있다. 막여과 공정의 경제성 향상을 위해서는 세정 시점의 예측 및 세정 주기 연장이 매우 중요한 요소이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 인공신경망(Artificial neural network)을 활용하여 UF 공정차압(Transmembrane pressure) 예측 모델을 개발하고자 한다. 입력변수로는 유입수 온도, pH, 탁도 등의 일평균값을 이용하였다.

This study aimed to contribute to the development of various female fashion designs by reviewing the genderless styles in androgynous trends that have loomed large in women's fashion, as well as through analyzing and organizing the changes in women's fashion that were required in a society in which various values coexist. A literature review was conducted to identify the genderless concepts, through which a total of 1,273 materials were selected from 10 brands of the S/S collections, during the period of 2006~2016. The results were as follows: first, without the juxtaposition of incongruous objects or images and a fixed type of color arrangements, the compromise shown in women's fashion were mostly expressed through various tones and diverse colors, and with the mixed use of heterogeneous patterns and materials. Second, the enjoyment of genderless styles was expressed with the unexpectedness that occur through symmetry/asymmetry and harmony/disharmony, as well as through the deviation from conventional notions regarding clothing structures. Third, the exaggeration expressed in women’s clothing collections perfectly covered up a woman’s body shape with the silhouette of exorbitantly expanded bulk and dimensions. These were done with extended lengths, expanded adornments, and modified clothing design types or structures. Fourth, the sensuality of genderless styles analyzed in women’s fashion was expressed with mannish clothing that accentuates the beauty of the female body. Lastly, the historicity shown in genderless styles was expressed through clothing that represented traditional styles of the past, the symbolic meanings expressed in the clothes’ colors and patterns, and the methods in which the decorative factors were utilized.

To select resistant oil seed crops against two species of root-knot nematodes, M. incognita and M. arenaria, 10 cultivars of sesame (Sesamum indicum) and 10 cultivars of perilla (Perilla frutescens var. japonica) were screened in greenhouse pot test. All sesame cultivars tested were resistant to M. incognita but susceptible to M. arenaria. While, perilla was resistant to both Meloidogyne species. Therefore, perilla cultivars could be used as rotation crops in greenhouses infested with both M. incognita and M. arenaria. But, sesame cultivars only can be used as a rotation crops in greenhouses infested with M. incognita but not for M. arenaria.

The spatial and temporal distributions of phosphorus and nitrogen and a number of physical, chemical and biological parameters were analyzed to in the Youngsan and the Sumjin River systems, Korea. Substantial amount of P and N was observed in both the rivers all the year round. Mean N/P ratios showed large variations among the sampling sites; highest ratio was observed in most sampling sites during summer. Relative proportions of DOP: TP were fairly constant (0.08~0.09) in both the rivers. In the composition of nitrogen almost all sampling sites of both the rivers were dominated with NO3-N followed by NH3-N and NO2-N. Variations in dissolved nutrients tended to co-vary with particulate forms (PON and POP), implying that dissolved nutrients are primarily released from the decomposition of particulate forms or dissolved forms are in equilibrium with particulate forms. Chlorophyll a levels in the Sumjin River appear to be negatively correlated with the ammonia, implying ammonia is absorbed by algae with preference. While chlorophyll a was positively correlated with TP and DIP in the Sumjin River, negative correlations of these parameters was observed in the Youngsan River. The pattern of nutrients level was found to be related with land use and domestic sewage in the study area. Inter-parameter relationships may be strongly influenced by geographical factors relative to temporal factors.

The Fokker-Planck (FP) model is one of the commonly used methods for studies of the dynamical evolution of dense spherical stellar systems such as globular clusters and galactic nuclei. The FP model is numerically stable in most cases, but we find that it encounters numerical difficulties rather often when the effects of tidal shocks are included in two-dimensional (energy and angular momentum space) version of the FP model or when the initial condition is extreme (e.g., a very large cluster mass and a small cluster radius). To avoid such a problem, we have developed a new integration scheme for a two-dimensional FP equation by adopting an Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method given in the Douglas-Rachford split form. We find that our ADI method reduces the computing time by a factor of ~2 compared to the fully implicit method, and resolves problems of numerical instability.