Recently, it is demonstrate that the invertebrates have a immune memory, called Immune priming (IP). It was partially studied that the IP is mainly regulated by epigenetic modification. Here, to understand the IP on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production, we investigated larval mortality and time-dependent expression patterns of AMP genes in T. molitor larvae challenged with E. coli (two-times injection with a one-month interval). Interestingly, the results indicate that the higher and faster expression levels of most AMP genes were detected compared to the non-primed T. molitor larvae. Our results may used to improve the understanding of mechanisms of invertebrate immune memory.

In the current study, a total of 102 common Todarodes pacificus squid caught in the East Sea were investigated for parasitological research. The results revealed that 33 (32.35%) out of 102 squid were infected by Nybelinia surmenicola, the mean intensity was 5.58 parasites per squid, and the maximum abundance was 11. Morphological analysis using a field emission scanning electron microscope showed the characteristic features of N. surmenicola. Molecular identification based on the 28S rRNA gene confirmed the isolated parasite as N. surmenicola, while phylogenetic analysis revealed that N. surmenicola isolated in this study was clustered with N. surmenicola isolated from Japan. This is the first report of phylogenetic characterization of N. surmenicola isolated from Korea.

In Korea, concrete pavements were first applied to highways in 1981 and as a result of continued increase in length over the past years, 2,592 km of concrete pavement network is currently in service, of which 1,399 km(54%) of concrete pavements is 10 years or older, and 233km(9%) is 20 years or older. The length of concrete pavement sections nationwide has been steadily on the rise every year (EXTRI, 2017). Approximately 54% of current concrete pavement highway network will reach the service life limit in 2025 which means around 660 billion won is needed for future pavement repair project (EXTRI, 2017). Given that concrete pavements beyond design life still have a remaining service life, it is economically advantageous to repair them before reconstruction. Asphalt overlays are a major repair method for older concrete pavements. Depending on the concrete pavement condition, thickness and mixture of asphalt overlays are determined. Service life of asphalt overlays varies by the presence, time and size of cracks in existing concrete pavements and reflecting crack at joints. Temperature change of concrete pavement is among the major reaction parameters of reflecting crack. Reflecting crack develops when asphalt bottom-up cracking by longitudinal shrinkage and expansion due to temperature change of the concrete base layer, top-down cracking by temperature difference between top and bottom of concrete, and shear stress by traffic loading are combined (Baek, 2010). Crack and joint behaviors of concrete pavement vary between the base layer and the concrete surface of composite pavement system, and different conductivity by mixture and thickness of asphalt overlay leads to temperature change of concrete base course. This study measured temperatures of each layer of diverse composite pavements in place on site and analyzed differences in temperature change of concrete base layer depending on mixture and thickness of asphalt overlays. Overlay thickness parameters were 5cm and 10cm, two values most widely used, while mixture parameters were SMA and porous asphalt. Based on temperature change of concrete surface, this study also evaluated the difference of temperature change in concrete base layer with an asphalt overlay on top. Findings from this study are expected to be utilized for studies on mechanism and modeling of reflecting crack in old concrete pavements with asphalt overlays.

The squid Todarodes pacificus is a commercially important fishery species in East Asia. As East Asians consume raw or lightly cooked squids, there has been growing concern about parasitic infections associated with squid consumption. In the current study, five squids caught in the East Sea were sampled for parasitological research from the biggest fishery market in Seoul, Republic of Korea. They were dissected and examined for parasites using a light microscope. Proteocephalus sp. was isolated and identified using field emission scanning electron microscopy, PCR, and sequencing. Given that Proteocephalus spp. can be affected by water temperature and geographical characteristics, further research on Proteocephalus spp. with respect to changes in water temperature in the East Sea is important.

본 논문에서는 양친매성물질인 C12-20 알킬글루코사이드, C14-22 알코올 및 베헤닐알코올로 구성된 액정 에멀젼을 제조하고 그 특성 및 in vitro 피부 투과 연구를 수행하였다. 액정 에멀젼의 배합비 실험 결과, C12-20 알킬글루코사이드 0.8%, C14-22 알코올 3.2% 및 베헤닐알코올 4%에서 선명한 액정 구조가 관찰되었다. 액정 에 멀젼과 비교군으로 O/W 에멀젼의 물리적 특성을 비교한 결과, 액정 에멀젼과 O/W 에멀젼의 점성은 각각 1871.26 ∼ 1.15 Pa⋅s 및 1768.69 ∼ 1.14 Pa⋅s이었으며, 전단응력은 액정 에멀젼은 190.45 ∼ 919.38 Pa, O/W 에멀젼은 178.68 ∼ 909.18 Pa로 측정되었다. 저장 탄성률은 액정 에멀젼은 4487.82 ∼ 8195.59 Pa, O/W 에멀젼은 3428.53 ∼ 9157.45 Pa, 탄성에 대한 점성의 비인 tan (delta) 값은, 액정 에멀젼은 0.23 ∼ 0.25, O/W 에멀젼은 0.43 ∼ 0.19로 나타났다. 경피 수분 함량 측정 결과, 액정 에멀젼은 O/W 에멀젼에 비하 여 사용 후 1 h부터 6 h까지 유의적으로 더 높은 피부 수분 함량을 나타냈으며, 경피 수분 손실에서는 30 min부터 4 h까지 유의적으로 수분 손실 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 글리시리직애씨드를 이용한 피부 투과 실험 결과, 24 h 동안 피부 투과량은 액정 에멀젼(64.58 μg/cm2), O/W 에멀젼(37.07 μg/cm2), 부틸렌글라이콜 용액(41.05 μg/cm2) 순으로 나타났고, 시간별 투과능 관찰 결과는 8 h 이후부터 액정 제형에서 피부 투과능이 증가하는 것으 로 나타났다. 결론적으로 액정 에멀젼은 피부의 보습 효과를 증진시킬 뿐만 아니라 기능성 소재의 효율적인 피부 전달체로서 응용 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.