Esophageal perforation can be caused by Boerhaave syndrome, foreign body ingestion, trauma, operative injury, or tumors. The condition can be fatal and requires emergency treatment. In this case report, we describe an esophageal perforation following gastric calibration tube insertion during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. The female patient developed an esophageal perforation after gastric calibration tube insertion during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, even though there were no complications during the tube insertion. She had mucosal inflammation of the distal esophagus stemming from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Therefore, the perforation has occurred because the repeated adjustments of the calibration tube may have further damaged the mucosal area that was already weakened by gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is estimated that even slight mucosal inflammation can heighten the risk of esophageal perforation. We hope this report will help elucidate the causes and probability of encountering esophageal perforation due to mucosal inflammation.

We have investigated the developmental characteristics of super mealworm on different temperatures. The test was conducted with four different temperatures of 25℃, 27℃, 30℃, and 33℃. In developmental period of 1 to 18 instars of four temperatures, 30℃ showed the shortest developmental period as 120.0±5.8 days, and 33℃ (132.6±10.7 days), 27℃ (136.5±9.2 days), 25℃ (156.7±7.5 days) in the following order. The death rate of 33℃ larvae was 2.7- 3.3 times higher than that of other temperatures. The lower temperatures tended to show the longer larval developmental period except 33℃. In the body weight, 30℃ showed the heaviest body weight and 27℃, 33℃, 25℃ in the following order. The head capsule, body capsule and body length also showed a similar tendency with body weight. The 88.8% of prepupa time of super mealworm was 16-18 instars. The longer prepupa time was accompanied by the lower temperature. In average prepupal period of 15-18 instars, 27℃ was 18.8±1.9 days, 18.8±2.3 days in 30℃, 23.0±2.4 days in 33℃, 23.1±2.9 days in 25℃. The average of pupal period of female and male in 25℃- 33℃ was 11.1±2.2 days and 11.6±2.4 days, respectively. In conclusion, the most suitable rearing temperature of super mealwarm was turned out as 30℃.

As basic research to develop HEV and EV agricultural field machinery, the present study analyzes the technical trend of electric agricultural field machinery through product analysis, paper analysis, and patent analysis concerning HEV and EV in the automobile, construction machinery, and agricultural machinery sectors. For product analysis, the homepages of companies in these sectors were consulted to analyze the number of products of each company. For paper analysis, key words related to HEV and EV were selected, a search formula was drawn up, and articles search sites were consulted. And for patent analysis too, key words were selected and then a search formula was drawn up to examine published patent applications or registered patent applications, and trends were analyzed by structure, country, and year. The number of HEV and EV products were 17 in the automobile area, 8 in construction machinery, and 4 in agricultural machinery. Notably, in the agricultural machinery area, all HEV and EV products were from advanced companies overseas. In terms of papers, papers published in the past 5 years were searched and 33,195 papers were from the automobile area, 3,806 were from construction machinery, and 2,687, the fewest papers, were from the agricultural machinery area. A search of patents in the electric drive technology area in Korea, USA, and Japan, and Europe showed 1,927 valid patents, with 1,120 in Japan, 497 in USA, 193 in Korea, and 117 in Europe. Analysis of the trend of research on electric agricultural field machinery by product, paper, and patent shows the development of HEV and EV technology in Korea is insufficient compared to USA, Japan, and Europe, which means rapid technological development is needed.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.

To improvement the fruit quality of the korean raspberry fruit, 3 species of bee, Bombus terrestris, Apis mellifera and Osmia cornifrons were used for pollination in korean raspberry fruit field from Korea. This study was also conducted using 3 kinds of methods for pollination effect, natural condition, net-house and control method. Blooming time of korean raspberry fruit shows always in the middle of the May, foraging behavior of bees used in this examination showed different tendency each other. Especially pollinating time of B. terrestris was 2.73sec and transfer time between flower was 2.64sec. Rate of korean raspberry fruit setting pollinated with B. terrestris, A. mellifera, O. cornifrons were showed 83.1%, 80.5%, 77.5% respectively. And, rate of fruit setting of the untreated control and the control (natural condition pollination) were 36.2% and 76.0%. Therefore, korean raspberry fruit set in the case of B. terrestris compared control was superior to 230%, 109% in contrast to natural pollination showed, A. mellifera and O. cornifrons were no significant difference over natural pollination. The quality of the products of korean raspberry fruit pollinated with B. terrestris showed the highest quality as a result fruit diameter 19.5±0.85, fruit weight 2.7±0.32, sugar content 11.2±1.48 Brix%, seed no. of 86.8±10.15. The rate of productivity increase using the Bombus terrestris was 21% in contrast to natural pollination.

To improvement the fruit quality of the korean raspberry and the blueberry fruit, 3 bee species, Bombus terrestris, Apis mellifera, and Osmia cornifrons were used for pollination. The rates of korean raspberry fruit set in the case of pollination with B. terrestris, A. mellifera, and O. cornifrons were 83.1%, 80.5% and 77.5%, respectively. In addition, the rates of fruit set in the case of the untreated control and the control(pollination under natural conditions) were 36.2% and 76.0%, respectively. The products of korean raspberry fruit pollinated with B. terrestris had the highest quality, with a fruit diameter of 19.5±0.85mm; fruit weight, 2.7±0.32g; sugar content, 11.2±1.48 Brix%; seed no., 86.8±10.15. The rate of productivity increase obtained using the B. terrestris was 21% greater than that obtained using natural pollination. And, the rate of blueberry fruit setting pollinated with B. terrestris, A. mellifera, O. cornifrons were showed 87.7%, 89.6%, 66.5% respectively. And, rate of fruit setting of the untreated control and the control(natural condition pollination) were 15.4% and 80.3%. The rate of productivity increase obtained using the B. terrestris was 9%∼17% greater than that obtained using natural pollination.

The current status of insect pollinator use was surveyed. Honeybee was larger than mason bee and bumblebee in average use area per farm household at kinds of insect pollinator. Insect pollinator was used at 19 crops. Among them, tomato was the most used crop, which was 44.9%, and in order to apple 26.7%, strawberry 13.1%, red-pepper 7.7% and watermelon 3.7%. In the use of insect pollinators, bumblebee, which was 56.9%, was higher than honeybee (31.3%) and mason bee (11.8%). The most farmers were a positive intention except for 1.5% of farmer in the use of insect pollinator for crop pollination. The best advantage in insect pollinator use was improvement of seed setting percentage, which was 28.3% and the worst problem was low activity at bad weather, which was 25.8%. And also, 97% of farmers have an intention to use continuously insect pollinator.