In this paper the economic value of weather forecasts is valuated for profit-oriented enterprise decision-making situations. Value is estimated in terms of monetary profits (or benefits) resulted from the forecast user’s decision under the specific payo

지구온난화에 따른 연안의 해수면 상승은 해안에 가해지는 파랑에너지의 상승을 유발한다. 이러한 해수면의 상승은 상대적으로 수심이 깊어지는 효과를 초래하고 이는 과거 발생하지 않았던 해안지역의 침식 및 해빈에서의 모래를 유실시킨다. 일반적으로 연안침식에 대응 하는 방법은 호안을 쌓아 보호하게 되는 경성공법으로 외력의 변화에 따라 현장여건에 맞는 호안의 경사, 단면형상 및 재료를 선택하게 된다. 하지만 현상에 대한 불충분한 이해에 근거한 공법 적용으로 다양한 피해가 발생하고 있으며, 이는 신뢰도 향상을 위한 기술개발 및 융합기술 도입의 필요성을 보여준다. 본 연구에서는 파랑저감에 효과적인 다공성 구조물 바이오코스트(Biocoast)를 활용하여 해안침식피해억제를 위한 친환경 투수 바이오폴리머 콘크리트 블록을 개발하였다. 자연에서 내구성이 강하고 안정된 구조인 벌집, 주상절리, 클로버에서 정육각형 모양과 삼각형의 복합체로 디자인을 도출하였으며, 월파방지와 처오름 현상 감소를 위해 바이오코스트로 요철(凹凸)을 적용하도록 디자인에 변화를 가하였다. 한국 동해안의 해수욕장의 자연조건을 반영하여 디자인 한 블록의 중량과 크기를 계산하여 실형을 제작하고 이를 현장에의 설치를 앞두고 있다. 특히, 자연해변 및 호안시설에 대해 자연 및 인위적 외력에 의한 침식과 세굴로부터 연안을 보호하고, 블록의 단위화를 통해 품질관리 및 공정관리의 효율성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료되며 하천, 호수의 호안과 자연산책로에 확장 적용하고자 한다.

Climate change is a very vital issue that can be no longer avoided. Korea has been a top-level country Iin dealing with carbon dioxide emissions since 1960. Many studies have been conducted to suppress or eliminate carbon dioxide emissions, which account for a large portion of greenhouse gases. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), the most practical method of them, plays a significant role. However, these methods have the disadvantage of the limits of geographical distribution and high possibility of re-emission into the atmosphere. Recently, ocean storage has been studied using Accelerated Weathering of Limestone (AWL), a technique for storing carbon dioxide in the ocean as an alternative to CCS, an underground storage. AWL is a method of converting carbon dioxide into concentrated water in the form of bicarbonate ion and discharging it to the ocean to dilute and store it. It does not cause re-emission to the atmosphere, and the discharged concentrated water increases the alkalinity of the ocean to prevent marine acidification. The objective of this study was to understand the behavior of DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) including carbon dioxide during the ocean discharge of bicarbonate ion concentrated water in AWL method. This study area was set near Ulleung-do where sufficient water depth and operational efficiency were secured. CORMIX model was used to calculate the material diffusion by submerged discharge using ship.

낙동강 하구의 지형변화 메커니즘을 파악하는 것은 하구의 관리방안과 처리방법 연구에 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 하구의 지형변화에 관여하는 강우, 하천유량, 유사량과 같은 육역으로부터 영향과 조석, 조류, 파랑, 표층퇴적물 등과 같은 해역으로부터의 영향을 조사·분석하였다. 분석된 자료에 근거하여 지형변화 실험을 수행하고, 지형변화와 외력조건별 기여도를 분석하였다. 수치실험 결과 지형변화는 하굿둑 방류 영향을 직접적으로 받는 수로부를 중심으로 침식이, 간접 영향권인 간석지를 중심으로 퇴적이 우세하게 나타났다. 수로부를 따라 이동되는 퇴적물이 파랑에 의해 분급, 배분되면서 울타리선 전면부에는 퇴적이 우세하였다. 지형변화 실험결과인 퇴적 우세현상과 비교 하여, 외력조건별로 침식의 기여도가 크게 나타나고 있으나 각 외력조건의 복합적인 영향은 퇴적이 우세하게 나타나고 있다. 따라서, 낙동강 하구의 지형변화는 여러 복합적인 외력인자의 결과로 판단된다. 또한, 각 외력조건별 영향은 구역별로 상이한 기여도를 보이므로 하구관리방안 수립시 이러한 결과를 고려해야 하고, 반드시 복합적인 상호작용의 결과로 이해하고 있어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Recently, a new port reserves deep water depth for safe navigation and mooring, following the trend of larger ship building. Larger port facilities include long and huge breakwaters, and mainly adopt vertical type considering low construction cost. A vertical breakwater creates stem waves combining inclined incident waves and reflected waves, and this causes maneuvering difficulty to the passing vessels, and erosion of shoreline with additional damages to berthing facilities. Thus, in this study, the researchers have investigated the response of stem waves at the vertical breakwater near the entrance channel and applied numerical models, which are commonly used for the analysis of wave response at the harbor design. The basic equation composing models here adopted both the linear parabolic approximation adding the nonlinear dispersion relationship and nonlinear parabolic approximation adding a linear dispersion relationship. To analyze the applicability of both models, the research compared the numerical results with the existing hydraulic model results. The gap of serial breakwaters and aligned angles caused more complicated stem wave generation and secondary stem wave was found through the breakwater gap. Those analyzed results should be applied to ship handling simulation studies at the approaching channels, along with the mooring test.

This study suggests a general process of analyzing the mooring and cargo handling limit waves, which is an incident to the new energy port under long wave agitation. To reduce damages of ships and harbor structures due to strong wave responses, it is necessary to predict the change of wave field in the mooring berth to make the proper decision by dock master. The berthing area at a new LNG port in the east coast of Korea in this study is frequently affected by oscillations from waves of 8.5~13s periods in the wintertime. The long period waves give difficulties on port operation by lowering the annual berthing ratio. It needs to find the event waves from the real time offshore wave records, which cause over the mooring limits. For that purpose, the wave records from field measurement and offshore wave buoy were analyzed. From numerical simulation, the response characteristics of long period waves in the berthing area were deduced with or without breakwater expansion plan, analyzing the offshore field wave data collected for two years. Some event wave cases caused over the cargo handling and mooring limits as per the standard Korean port design guideline, and those were used for the decision of port operation by dock master, comparing with the real time offshore wave observations.

Recent climate change has led to fluctuations in agricultural production, and as a result national food supply has become an important strategic factor in economic policy. As such, in this study, panel data was collected to analyze the effects of seven meteorological elements on the production of five types of grain with error component panel data regression method following the test results of LM tests, Hausman test. The key factors affecting the production of rice were average temperature, average relative humidity and average ground surface temperature. The fluctuations in the other four grains types are not well explained by meterological elements. For other grains and beans, only average temperature and time (year) affect the production of other grains while average temperature, ground surface temperature, and time (year) influence the production of beans. For barley and millet, only average temperature positively affects the production of barley while ground surface temperature and time (year) negatively influence the production of millet. The implications of this study are as follow. First, it was confirmed that the meteorological elements have profound effects on the rice production. Second, when compared to existing studies, this study was not limited to rice but encompassed all five types of grains and went beyond other studies that were limited to temperature and rainfall to include various meteorological elements.

Due to the increased demand for safety and security requirements on the port infrastructure, the harbor tranquility is one of the important parameter in the mooring basin of harbor. It relates keenly to berthing/unberthing and cargo handling works but also it is an important indicator to get the minimum water area as the safe refuge. Hupo harbor is a national coastal harbor located in east coast of Korea and a development plan for a new marina near the entrance is being carried out including berth layouts, breakwater extensions, 300m marina berths, dredging and land reclamation works. The new plan will impact on calmness of the existing port. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze in complex the variation of wave height and direction caused by wave refraction, diffraction, shoaling and reflection from the incident waves from outside the harbor. In order to check the calmness inside a harbor, the numerical models are being used currently need fundamental reviews according to the difference of results which depend on their respective features. In this study, hence, it was introduced the validity of numerical models by comparing the computational results with the hydraulic model experiment. The current investigations contribute to the existing development recommendations and provide further solutions for port planning.

본 연구에서는 공진을 유도하는 수로를 이용한 새로운 개념의 유공방파제를 제안하려 한다. 공진수로에는 유공판을 설치하여 흐름 분리현상에 의한 파랑에너지의 소산을 유도한다. 종래의 수실과 유공벽을 이용한 방파제에 비하여 공진수로 내장형 유공방파제는 두 가지의 장점을 들 수 있는데, 하나는 목표 차단파랑에 따라서 수로의 설계가 용이하며 보다 장주기 파랑에 대하여도 적용이 가능하다. 또 하나는 유 공부가 쇄파력이 집중되는 수면부근보다 아래에 위치함으로써 구조적 안정성이 개선된다. 파랑에너지의 소산은 방파제 전면에서의 반사율로 서 평가하였고, 수치해석은 선형 포텐셜 이론에 기초한 Galerkin의 유한요소모델을 이용하였다. 수로의 고유주기와 입사파의 주기가 일치하는 부근에서 적절한 에너지 손실을 확인할 수 있었으며 에너지 손실의 양은 수로의 형상, 위치 및 유공율의 영향을 받았다.

In order to protect coastal facilities mainly from wave and current actions, the self-locking eco blocks constituting elements of protecting shore structures against scouring were designed. These blocks are adapted to the sloping bottom, coastal dunes, and submerged coastal pipelines, counteracting the destructive and erosive impulse action. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to investigate the reflection of water waves over and against a train of protruded or submerged shore structures and compare the reflecting capabilities of incident waves including wave forces. In this study the hydraulic model experiment was conducted to identify the performance of newly designed water affinity eco blocks to keep the coast slope and bottom mound from scouring by reduction of the wave reflection and to convince stability of the block placement. Revised design of each block element was also tested for field conditions. From the result of experiments, the field applicability of the developed blocks and placement was discussed afterward.

항만건설 및 운영에서 해양교통시설의 설치와 운영은 해상충돌방지 및 안전에서 매우 중요한 인자이다. 그리고, 해상교통시설의 설치 및 운영은 IMO SOLAS 5장 제13조에 의하여 당국의 의무사항으로 규정되어 있다. 해양교통시설은 과거의 시각적(광학, 형상) 시설에서 AIS, DGPS 및 기타 전파표지 등을 활용한 e-Navigation의 개념으로 발전하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 해양교통시설의 자동화 흐름에도 불구하 고 선박의 안전한 항해를 위한 광파표지 및 형상표지의 역할은 여전히 절대적이다. 본 연구에서는 시각표지의 운영관리 효율을 향상시키기 위한 해양교통시설 서비스수준의 결정방법으로 해상교통관련 전체 시설을 하나의 관리시스템으로 조합하고 더욱 효율적인 시스템 관리방안 으로서 항로표지 운영율을 제안하였다. 해외의 서비스 수준에 대한 비교와 이론적 배경을 분석하고, 제안된 서비스수준을 인천해역에 실제 적용하여 항로의 안전성을 평가한 사례를 제시하였다.

Recent climate change has led to fluctuations in agricultural production, and as a result national food supply has become an important strategic factor in economic policy. As such, in this study, panel data was collected to analyze the effects of seven meteorological elements and using the Lagrange multipliers method, the fixed-effects model for the production of five types of food crop and the seven meteorological elements were analyzed. Results showed that the key factors effecting increases in production of rice grains were average temperature, average relative humidity and average ground surface temperature, while wheat and barley were found to have positive correlations with average temperature and average humidity. The implications of this study are as follow. First, it was confirmed that the meteorological elements have profound effects on the production of food crops. Second, when compared to existing studies, the study was not limited to one food crop but encompassed all five types, and went beyond other studies that were limited to temperature and rainfall to include various meterological elements.

Agriculture is more influenced by environmental factors rather than other industries. Among the environmental factors, the meteorological conditions mainly impact the output of agricultural products. Hence, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of meteorological factors on the output of elemental agricultural products. As a first step, we obtained the data of the meteorological factors (i.e., precipitation, humidity, temperature, insolation, snowdrifts, wind velocity) and the output of the various agricultural products (i.e., grain, fruits and vegetables, root crops, green vegetables, seasoned vegetables, fruits, special crops) from the year 1990 to 2009 (20 years) of Seoul and the six metropolitan cities in Korea. Then, the analysis of the correlation between the agricultural product with the largest output and the meteorological factors of the place where the corresponding agricultural product is most produced, was carried out in order to determine the core meteorological factor that most impacts the output of agricultural product. The correlation analysis revealed that humidity, insolation and wind velocity have been the crucial meteorological factors to influence the output of the agricultural products. From the result, we can induce that the meteorological forecast information about the vital meteorological factors, i.e., humidity, insolation and wind velocity, facilitates the optimized cultivation plan to maximize the output of agricultural products.

Recently, extreme tsunami waves generated by submarine earthquake have caused tremendous damages to the coastal cities and ports. Strong seiche oscillations and runups are observed in specific sea areas around the world. Although no frequent impacts to the coast of Korean peninsula, there exist some important events in the east of Korea in the past. This study focuses on two historical events and recalculate with different fault and rupture mechanism for prediction considering the recent trend of submarine earthquake. The present study of the 1983 Akita tsunamis demonstrates the multi-scale resonance along continental coasts. Together with the Nankai tsunami for inland sea, we have confirmed the inland sea resonance surrounded by islands in defining the impact along the coast. Coherence and wavelet analyses for deducing a predominant period and time frequency are useful in reasoning the inundation. The resonance modes, which are largely independent of the tsunami source, allow identification of at-risk communities and infrastructure for mitigation of tsunami hazards. Furthermore, understanding of the resonance and the predicted runups for the site of power plant and industrial complex in the east coast of Korea would allow better preparation for the future disasters.

This study investigates the relationship between Asian dust and asthma disease in Seoul, using data of Asian dust occurrences and the number of treatments for asthma between 2005 and 2008. The data include the number of treatments for asthma on the basic day paired with the average number of treatments for asthma on the compared days. The compared day is defined by the day of no Asian dust in same month and day of the week as the basic day, when Asian dust occurs. Also, the basic day is expanded to the day after three days from the day of Asian dust. The paired two sample t-test for the number of treatments for asthma on the basic day and the compared days revealed that the Asian dust occurrences are correlated with the asthma disease. The number of treatments for asthma is significantly increased on the one and two days after Asian dust occurs. On the other hand, there's no significant difference in the number of treatments for asthma between the days of Asian dust occurrence and the days of no Asian dust, which implies that people usually try not to go out when Asian dust occurs.

Redevelopment of the domestic small fishing ports is being started in earnest by applying the environmentally friendly technology in order to attract tourists. For the purpose of improving water quality in the harbor, selection of breakwater type might have the priority to secure calmness and stability. Therefore, this study is to determine the hydraulic characteristics of reflective ratio, installation efficiency and stability of the special type of blocks through the hydraulic model experiment. The results were introduced to analyze for the effect of infield construction work through numerical analysis. Gujora, a small fishing port in southern Korea, is affected by the waves of SSE, S, SSW direction and strong tidal currents. The results of applying cylindrical slit block show that stability of the blocks and harbor calmness were secured. Considering that the pass rate of a long period wave is still excellent, the primary objective of wave control and the secondary objective of improving water exchange are satisfied simultaneously.

Nowadays meteorological information is systemized as a useful knowledge which has a significant effect on the overall industrial domains over the simple data. The distribution industry, which has the short life cycle, depends on the meteorological information at the strategic level. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the continuous investment in meteorological information because there is a hostility to paying for a service, particularly it does not provide accurate and reliable information. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to increase the usefulness of meteorological information in the distribution industry for its economic effectiveness from the core meteorological factors. We found significant meteorological factors (temperature, precipitation, disaster) that have a critical influence on the distribution industry through the hierarchical analysis process, and their importance according to the type of distribution channels, such as department store, large-scale discount store, convenience store, and home shopping. We performed the AHP analysis with 103 survey samples by middle managers from the various distribution channels. We found that precipitation is the critical meteorological factor across the distribution industry. Based on this result, we stress the difference in the level of the meteorological information in order for the effectiveness of each type of distribution channels.

In this study, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the weak reflection of regular and random water waves over a train of protruded permeable shore structures. A cylindrical slit type breakwater and the alternatives are employed and compared for reflecting and transmitting capabilities of incident waves including wave forces. A series of random waves were generated by using the Bretschneider-Mitsuyasu frequency and directional spectrum. Measured spectrum of irregular waves without breakwaters is verified by comparing with those of the input waves generated. Weak reflection is occurred at the breakwater center of the peak frequency. If the row of breakwaters is fixed at three layers and the relative height of breakwater is fixed at 0.6, around 45% of incident wave energy is reflected to offshore. It is also found that the transmission of directional random waves increases as the maximum frequency parameter increases. A very good agreement is observed. Reflection coefficients of permeable submerged breakwaters are less than those of impermeable breakwaters. The upside-down L shape is recommended for a small fishery harbor mooring in terms of reflecting capability and of practical application. The final design was applied to the wharf of a small beach of Seolly, near Namhae at the southeast coast of Korea.

When we consider to develop a new harbor, the most important factor, we think, is the lowest water depth of waterway and approaching channel for safe navigation of vessel. The existing harbors have been being dredged to meet the international trend of jumbo sized vessels by adopting the new design criteria. As the dredged materials over the expected at the design level were common and there are still lack of land based reclamation area, we have no choice to discharge the dredged materials in open sea area In this study, we analysed the behavior of discharged materials at the dumping area of offshore, which were collected from the dredging work at the waterway in Busan New Port. We measured the tidal currents and analyzed the waters of dumping site after the dumping work. These were used to evaluate the numerical models. Suspended Solids(SS) were introduced to the diffusion model. Because of the characteristic of the dumping site, the speed of initial diffusion and settle down of the discharged materials was so fast. Therefore, we believe that the dumped materials do not cause a significant impact to the marine environment.