기존의 사후경과시간(PMI) 추정 방법은 대략적인 사후경과시간의 추정, 사후 48~72시간 경과 또는 부패 시 추정 불가능이라는 문제가 발생하여 최근에는 법의곤충학(Medicolegal entomology)을 통한 최소 사후 경과시간 (PMImin) 추정이 더욱 강조되고 있다. 이로 인해 시식성파리의 발육 성장속도 파악은 시체의 최소 사후 경과시간 추정에 있어 효과적인 도구로 활용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 곱슬털쉬파리(Parasarcophaga. similis)를 사육대상 종으로 선정하였다. P. similis는 부패한 시체를 섭식하는 시식성파리 중 하나로서, 발육 성장 속도에 따른 법곤충 학적(Forensic entomology) 최소 사후 경과시간을 추정하는 데 중요한 지표가 된다. 실험에 사용된 대상종의 경우, 경북 칠곡군 지천면 일대에서 6~9월경 야외쉬파리 채집하였고, 종 동정, 사육 및 증식, 예비 실험을 거친 후 본실험 을 진행하였다. 본실험은 산란 집단 케이지 내에서 산란 유도 후 12시간 간격으로 6개체를 샘플링하였고, 이를 Leica M125 Microscope (Leica Microsystems, Germany), EG-2HDNL(이지테크, Korea)로 이미지와 측정치를 확보 하였다. P. similis를 16~34°C 사이 7개의 온도 조건에서 성장 속도 측정을 3회 반복 실험하였으며, 곱슬털쉬파리의 최초 출현시점, 특정 온도 조건 별 발육 성장 속도 측정, 유충 몸길이 데이터, 이미지 자료, 표본 등을 확보하였다. 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34°C에서 P. similis의 알에서 성충까지의 발달 기간은 각각 822.0±5.9, 605.0±12.2, 442.3±9.4, 339.3±6.1, 289.3±7.5, 253.0±8.0, and 248.7±3.4h이 경과함을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 P. similis의 성장과정 데이터와 PMImin추정을 위한 지표로서 활용가능한 데이터를 제공한다.

Radioactive waste containing cellulosic materials such as cotton, paper and wood are being disposed in Low-and intermediate-level radioactive waste disposal site in Gyeongju. Cellulose has recently emerged great issue in terms of disposal site safety as it can be decomposed into an organic complex compound, ISA (isosaccharinic acid), under strong alkali conditions (pH 12.5 or higher) formed by the hydrated cement, to accelerate the mobility of the radionuclides in the disposal facility. However, in Korea, there are insufficient criteria for confirming the suitability for disposal of low-and intermediatelevel radioactive wastes including cellulose, and there is no specific method for evaluating the total amount of waste to confirm the suitability of disposal. Therefore, the method of SKB (Swedish Nuclear and Fuel Management Company), which has established acceptance criteria related to the physicalchemistry safety of cellulose, is analyzed to suggest a method for deriving the amount of cellulosecontaining waste disposal. Cellulose, an organic complexing agent, is an important consideration for safety case at the Swedish low-and intermediate-level radioactive waste disposal site SFR. SKB calculated the amount of cellulose generated by separately labeling cellulose-containing wastes of 1-2BMA, Silo and 1BTF (SKB 2013). BLA, a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility, is not considered due to its low radionuclide inventory (~0.2% of SFR’s total radionuclide inventory, SKB 2013). To calculate the amount of cellulose that can be disposed of, information on the mass and volume of hydrated cement (concrete waste, cement solidification waste, disposal container, grouting, disposal shed), the concentration of ISA absorbed in the hydrated cement, and the concentration of ISA dissolved in the groundwater which were used. In addition, the total disposable amount was calculated using the cellulose degradation rate, composition ratio, and the cellulose containing waste volume.

Free-living nematodes feed on bacteria, algae, fungi, dead organisms, and living tissues. They release nutrients for plant use and improve soil structure and water holding capacity. They are usually the most abundant type of nematodes in soil and marine environments. This study has been conducted to survey the distribution and identification of soil nematodes from rhizosphere soil of plant for investigation of indigenous species according to Convention on Biological Diversity. Three species of free-living nematodes belonging to the order of Dorylaimida were found from paddy soil and soybean fields, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do and one species was found from soil, Dokdo island, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Aporcelaimellus obtusicaudatus, Eudorylaimus arcus and Mesodorylaimus spengelii are newly collected from Korea. A. obtusicaudatus can be recognized by its large body, short odontostyle being much thicker than cuticle at the same level, well developed gonads, shape and length of the tail. E. arcus is distinctive because of the wide lateral field, tail form and supplement arrangement. M. spengelii is smaller species with short odontostylet, simple guiding ring. Female tail more or less uniformly attenuated, tip is not swollen, nor curved dorsally.

목적 : 안경광학과 대학생의 건강관리 실태와 눈 건강상태를 조사하여 건강관련 특성요인을 파악하고 눈 건강에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 한다. 방법 : 충남지역 안경광학과 대학생 196명에게 온라인으로 일반적 특성(3)과 건강관련 특성(7), 지각된 눈 건강상태(5)의 총 15개 문항을 설문 조사하였다. 지각된 눈 건강상태는 리커트 5점 척도를 사용하였으며, 점수가 높을수록 눈 건강상태가 나쁘다. 분석방법은 SPSS 18.0 통계프로그램을 사용하였으며 통계적으로 유의수준은 p<0.050 기준으로 하였다. 결과 : 흡연을 하는 학생은 눈 건강상태 중 눈의 피로감과 충혈 증상, 눈꺼풀이 무겁다고 느끼는 정도가 많았다. 일주일동안 운동 횟수가 5회 이상인 학생은 눈의 피로감과 충혈 증상이 적었고, 규칙적인 식사를 하는 경우 눈의 충혈 증상이 적었다. 여가활동 시간이 긴 학생은 눈의 충혈과 눈꺼풀이 무겁다고 느끼는 정도가 적었고, 주 관적 건강상태가 좋다고 응답한 학생은 눈의 피로감과 통증, 눈꺼풀 무겁다고 느끼는 정도가 적었다. 주관적 건강 상태는 눈 건강상태와 음의 상관관계로 주관적 건강상태가 나쁠수록 눈 건강상태의 좋지 않았다. 결론 : 안경광학과 대학생들은 건강의 기본이 되는 규칙적인 식사와 운동을 소홀히 하고 있었으며, 주관적 건강상태와 운동 횟수, 여가활동 시간이 눈 건강에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 예비 안경사인 안경광학과 대학생들은 스스로의 건강행위를 지각하여 규칙적인 식사와 운동, 여가활동 등의 건강한 습관 형성과 눈 건강관리의 중요성에 대해 인지할 필요가 있다.

선충포식성 곰팡이는 선충을 포획하기 위하여 다양하고 특수한 기관을 사용한다. 국내 성주지역의 참외 경작지 뿌리 주변의 토양에서 3차원 접착 고리를 형성하여 선충을 포획하는 곰팡이를 분리하였다. 곰팡이의 미세형태 구조를 관찰한 결과 분생포자병은 직립형으로 길이는 290~528 (342.8) μm으로 길었으며, 계란형의 30.5 × 20.3 μm 크기를 가진 1~3개의 분생포자를 형성하였다. 균주의 rDNA의 5.8 S 영역의 염기서열을 분석한 결과, Arthrobotrys속의 계통군에 속하였으며, 특히 Arthrobotrys sinensis와 99%의 유사성을 보였다. 형태적 특징과 분자생물학적 계통 분석을 바탕으로 본 균주는 A. sinensis로 확인되었으며, 이는 국내 미기록종으로 식물기생성선충의 생물학적 조절을 위한 하나의 자원이 될 수 있다.

We reported a new white soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera sojae in 2016. This species is closely related to H. glycineswhich has the same host plant. Morphological observations of the cyst, female, male and second-stage juveniles indicatedthat this species is differed from those of H. glycines. Cysts of H. sojae appeared more round, shining and darker thanthat of H. glycines. The distribution of this new cyst nematode in soybean field in Korea is unknown yet. In 2016, 270soil samples were collected from soybean fields and examined the existence of H. glycines and H. sojae. Total of 111samples (41.1%) contained cysts. Among them 77% were H. glycines and 23% were H. sojae. Our results suggest thatextensive researches are required for white soybean cyst nematode.

H. mamoreus is a mushroom with abundant favor and medicinal use. However, its cultivation has problems such as the long cultivation period, low biological efficiency and microbiological contamination, so new cultivars should be developed. In this study, 55 strains of H.marmoreus were analyzed with ISSR markers to identify precise genetic information in collected germplasm as mother strains in breeding. ISSR 13 and 15 markers were confirmed polymorphism. The three strains (KMC03106, KMC03107, and KMC03108) with white cap color were close genetic relationship in the UPGMA analysis of both the ISSR 13 and 15 markers. Especially in the PCR result of the ISSR 15, the collected germplasm were differentiated to three groups following collecting year. As these results, the ISSR 15 marker would be able to classify the phylogeny of cap color and genetic variation along the collecting year. Therefore ISSR markers will confer effective selection of mother strains for breeding of H. mamoreus.

Since the first Korean button mushroom ‘Sae-Ah’ developed in 2010, most farmers had wanted to cultivate a new variety. A new variety, ‘SaeJeong’, was developed in 2011, but this variety was difficult to cultivate in mushroom farm. To solve the variety problem, a new variety ‘Sae-do’ was developed in 2012. The variety, ‘Sad-do’, was made by crossing hetrokaryon A175 and homokaryon ASI1346-15 selected by genetic analysis. The heterokaryon A175 is crossed line between ASI1038-211 and ASI1346-20. The mycelium of ‘Saedo’ on CDA (compost dextrose agar) grew well at 25°C. The optimum pin-heading temperature of it was 13-15°C and optimum growing temperature was 13-20°C. Earliness (days required from casing to first harvesting) was 2 days shorter than control ‘Saejeong’. Even though the diameter of mature cap and the length of stipe were shorter than a control, the individual weight of fruiting body was heavier because of thick pileus and stipe. Therefore, the yield was increased by 1.89 times than control and the hardness of pileus was stronger. The field experiment of ‘Saedo’ variety has been started since 2013. Most farmers evaluated that the variety has good compost colonization and cap shape, and high yield in harvesting. For that reason, ‘Saedo’ has occupied half of the of distribution rate of Korean varieties. Also distribution rate of Korean varieties was increased from 26.1% in 2014 to 37% in 2015.

Chronic/cyclic neutropenia, leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome, Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, and Chédiak-Higashi syndrome are associated with severe periodontitis, suggesting the importance of neutrophils in the maintenance of periodontal health. Various Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are known to stimulate neutrophil function, including FcR-mediated phagocytosis. In the present study, the effect of TLR2 activation on the non-opsonic phagocytosis of oral bacteria and concomitant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by human neutrophils was evaluated. Neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood were incubated with Streptococcus sanguinis or Porphyromonas gingivalis in the presence of various concentrations of Pam3CSK4, a synthetic TLR2 ligand, and analyzed for phagocytosis and ROS production by flow cytometry and chemiluminescence, respectively. Pam3CSK4 significantly increased the phagocytosis of both bacterial species in a dose-dependent manner. However, the enhancing effect was greater for S. sanguinis than for P. gingivalis. Pam3CSK4 alone induced ROS production in neutrophils and also increased concomitant ROS production induced by bacteria. Interestingly, incubation with P. gingivalis and Pam3CSK4 decreased the amounts of ROS, as compared to Pam3CSK4 alone, indicating the possibility that P. gingivalis survives within neutrophils. However, neutrophils efficiently killed phagocytosed bacteria of both species despite the absence of Pam3CSK4. Although P. gingivalis is poorly phagocytosed even by the TLR2-activated neutrophils, TLR2 activation of neutrophils may help to reduce the colonization of P. gingivalis by efficiently eliminating S. sanguinis , an early colonizer, in subgingival biofilm.

The white button mushroom, Agaricus biporus is commercially the fifth important edible mushroom, accounting for a Korean production of 10,996 tons in Korea, 2012. The button mushroom, A. bisporus, mostly cultivated at mushroom farm controlled 16-19°C temperature during fruiting period in all seasons. For this reason, the production costs including the cost of energy, is very expensive to keep optimal culturing temperature. In this study, mycelial growth of strains collected from various countries was investigated at different cultivation temperature conditions to use baseline data for developing thermo-tolerance varieties. Mycelial growth was recorded strains cultivated in CDA (Compost Dextrose Agar) after two weeks. 12 strains among total 264 strains were cultivated well in high temperature. These strains will be cultivated in high temperature to confirm relationships between mycelial growth and fruit-body formation in same conditions.

Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea, sometimes also called Blattaria, of which about 30 species out of 4,600 total are associated with human habitats. About four species are well known as pests. Among the best-known pest species are the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, which is about 30 mm long; the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, about 15 mm long. We researched growing condition of in-vitro(temperature and humidity) for P. americana and B. germanica. The cockroach is divided in three sections; the body is flattened and broadly oval, with a shield-like pronotum covering its head. A pronotum is a plate-like structure that covers all or part of the dorsal surface of the thorax of certain insects. They also have chewing mouth parts, long, segmented antennae, and leathery fore wings with delicate hind wings. The third section of the cockroach is the abdomen. We measured size of head, abdomen, and body length during differential stages. Also, we checked number of egg, size of egg, hatching rates, period of former laying eggs, and laying periods etc.

Vitellogenins (Vgs) are precursors of the major egg storage protein, vitellin (Vn), in many oviparous animals. Insects Vgs are large molecules (200-kD) synthesized in the fat body in a process that involves substantial structural modifications (e.g., glycosylation, lipidation, phosphorylation, and proteolytic cleavage, etc.) of the nascent protein prior to its secretion and transport to the ovaries. However, the extent to which Vgs are processed in the fat body varies greatly among different insect groups. We were cloned Vgs partial genes PaVgs and BgVgs from Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica. Real-time quantitative PCR shows that PaVgs and BgVgs were differential-regulated with aging. In insects, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes involved in detoxification of insecticides. We were cloned GST partial genes PaGST and BgGST from Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica. Real-time quantitative PCR shows that PaGST and BgGST were up-regulated with aging, and the mRNA level of PaGST and BgGST was higher in 4℃ and 37℃ than room temperature. The expression level of PaGST and BgGST exposure to temperature stress suggests that PaGST and BgGST are up-regulated after exposure low and hige temperature treatments.