18개월령과 31개월령 사이의 암소 56,487두의 판독 결과를 이용하였으며, 환경요인과 유전적 요인들에 대해 분석이 이루어졌다. 2011년 1월에서 2018년 8월까지의 기간 동안의 국내 농가들의 데이터를 이용하였으며, WOMBAT 소프트웨어를 활용하여 Multi-trait animal model을 통해 각 형질들의 유전력, 유전상관 및 표현형상관을 추정하였다. 모델식들의 환경적인 요인들의 대해 유의성이 나타났다; 측정년도, 측정월, 지역, 암소개월령. 초음파 등지방두께, 초음파 등심단면적, 초음파 근내지방도의 유전력은 각각 0.364, 0.499, 0.104로 추정되었다. 유전상관과 표현형상관은 각 형들간에 있어 강한 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 각 형질들간 유전상관은 초음파 근내지방도와 초음파 등심단면적, 초음파 근내지방도, 초음파 등심단면적과 초음파 근내지방도는 각각 0.551, 0.485, 0.486으로 나타났으며, 표현형상관은 0.594, 0.490, 0.514로 나타났다. 이에 대한 결과로 초음파측정결과를 이용하여 농장운영에 있어서 육질 개선을 위한 유전적 능력을 개선시킬 수 있을 것이라 보며, 한우의 개량에 있어서 기초적인 자료로서 이용이 될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic relationships among native Korean cattle breeds by analyzing genetic variations and distances. Relationships among Hanwoo, Korean brindle, Korean black, Jeju black, and Holstein cattle were evaluated using 15 microsatellite markers. Korean brindle and Korean black cattle had the closest relationship based on the lowest genetic distance being observed between these breeds. A Neighbor-Net tree created using the Reynolds distances indicated that Korean brindle and black cattle formed a group separate from the Hanwoo population. However, an Fst pairwise test revealed that Hanwoo, Korean brindle, and Korean black cattle differed significantly (P <0.01). Moreover, the results of this study confirmed that Jeju black cattle became a separate established breed in Korea through a path different from that of cattle from inland regions, even though it is considered to be a Korean native breed. Overall, the results of our study indicate that Korean brindle and black cattle are indeed native Korean breeds that maintain an endangered status.

In many avian species, it is difficult to distinguish the sexes based on their external features. Sex determination is an important area of study in developmental and evolutionary biology, as well as in ecology. In penguins, physical sexual characteristics between males and females are hard to differentiate particularly the Jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) which show little sexual dimorphism. Although it is always thought that males are usually larger than females, sexing by direct observation may be difficult especially in young birds. In this research, we evaluated a sex determination technique in Jackass Penguins using genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification using primers. Genomic DNA was extracted from feathers of Jackass penguins, Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos var. domestica) using E prep (Viagenkorea.CO, Korea) reagent. A primer set is designed for sex determination. The primers amplifythe homologous region of the CHD-W gene (chromo-helicase-DNA-binding gene) unique to females, and the CHD-Z gene, occurring in both sexes and characterized by two bands in females and only one band in males. The results showed that analyses of the polymerase chain reaction products in Jackass penguins using 2550F-2718R and P2/P8 primer sets showed one band in both males and females. Moreover, 2550F-2718R primer set identified the sex of chickens but not in ducks while primer P2/P8 showed only one band in both chickens and ducks. The 1272L-1237H primer showed one band in male and two bands in female in all species tested. It was confirmed that the use of 1272L-1237H primer concur in identifying the sex of the following species: Jackass penguins, ducks and chickens.

본 연구에 이용한 재료는 2001년부터 2008년까지 한국 종돈장에서 농장검정된 Yorkshire종, Landrace종 의 암컷 48,101두의 자료를 이용하였다. 일반성분 분석은 품종별, 산차별, 년도별, 계절별 및 농장별로 분석하 였고, 각 성장형질별 1산차 산자수 분석은 48,101두의 자료를 이용하여 성장형질 그룹별로 분석하였다. 일반 성분 분석에서 품종의 정육율 (p<0.05)을 제외한 부분에서 고도의 유의성(p<0.01)을 나타내었다. 일당증체량 에서는 Landrace종 (640.48±0.749 g)이 Yorkshire종 (624.22±0.608 g)보다 우수하였으며, 등지방 두께 에서는 Yorkshire종 (13.44±0.030 ㎜)이 Landrace종 (12.50±0.037 ㎜)보다 두껍게 나타났다. 각 품종에 대한 성장형질별 1산차 산자수 와 사산두수에서 Yorkshire종은 종료일령 161~165일령그룹을 기 점으로 산자수가 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 일당증체량 620~640 g그룹과 등지방두께 13~14 ㎜그룹에서 산 자수가 가장 많이 나타났다. Landrace종의 경우 일당증체량그룹에서 일당증체량이 증가할수록 산자수와 사 산두수가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 등지방두께그룹에서 11 ㎜미만 구간에서 산자수가 가장 많았고, 등지방두 께가 증가할수록 산자수는 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

Beef traceability, a system that provides all the records of beef production, helps customers purchase that they get to know detailed information of the Hanwoo beef. This study was carried out to investigate the DNA identity possibility in various cooking methods to ripen meat (soy sauce, gochujang sauce, 10% vinegar, 10% coke, 10% Cheongha, 10% Soju, raw, dried, and decayed) for beef traceability. The DNA content of decayed beef was higher than those of other cooking methods. It is thought that result of mixed pollutant, it did not affect amplified DNA allele height because of bovine specific microsatellite (MS) markers. The ripened sample in 10% vinegar 3 days was lowest a mount of extracted DNA (156 ng) and amplified DNA allele height (based on the raw samples to 38%) by MS markers compared with the other cooking methods. There are no significant correlation between amplified DNA allele height and the amount of extracted DNA. Therefore, beef DNA identity test in various cooking methods to ripen meat can used by bovine specific MS markers. Beef traceability system by DNA identify test will give more confidence in food safety to customers