We present a study of the inexplicit connection between radio jet activity and γ-ray emission of BL Lacertae (BL Lac; 2200+420). We analyze the long-term millimeter activity of BL Lac via interferometric observations with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) obtained at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz simultaneously over three years (from January 2013 to March 2016); during this time, two γ-ray outbursts (in November 2013 and March 2015) can be seen in γ-ray light curves obtained from Fermi observations. The KVN radio core is optically thick at least up to 86 GHz; there is indication that it might be optically thin at higher frequencies. To first order, the radio light curves decay exponentially over the time span covered by our observations, with decay timescales of 41185 days, 352±79 days, 310±57 days, and 283±55 days at 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, respectively. Assuming synchrotron cooling, a cooling time of around one year is consistent with magnetic field strengths B ∼ 2 μT and electron Lorentz factors γ ∼ 10 000. Taking into account that our formal measurement errors include intrinsic variability and thus over-estimate the statistical uncertainties, we nd that the decay timescale  scales with frequency τ ν - 0.2. This relation is much shallower than the one expected from opacity effects (core shift), but in agreement with the (sub-)mm radio core being a standing recollimation shock. We do not find convincing radio flux counterparts to the γ-ray outbursts. The spectral evolution is consistent with the `generalized shock model' of Valtaoja et al. (1992). A temporary increase in the core opacity and the emergence of a knot around the time of the second -ray event indicate that this γ-ray outburst might be an `orphan' are powered by the `ring of fire' mechanism.

In this study, we mainly focus on the study of densification of gas-atomized Cu-50 wt.%In-13 wt.%Ga alloy powder without occurrence of crack during the forming process. Cu-50 wt.%In-13 wt.%Ga alloy powder was consolidated by sintering and rolling processes in order to obtain high density. The phase and microstructure of formed materials were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM), respectively. Warm rolling using copper can result in the improvement of density. The specimen obtained with 80% of rolling reduction ratio at using cooper can have the highest density of .

Forfeiture is a property punishment that deprives a crime-related property for the purpose of preventing the repetition of a crime or preventing it from profiting from the crime. In addition, Confiscation is a Judicial disposition to pay for the whole or part of the forfeitured object if it can not be forfeitured. Article 48 of the Korean Penal Code stipulates forfeiture and confiscation, and stipulates arbitrary. However, Article 134 of the Criminal Code (money to be paid to a bribe or bribe received by a criminal or a third person who knows the criminal in bribery), Article 206 of the Criminal Code (opium, opium, morphine), Article 357 (3) of the Penal Code (the property acquired by the criminal) and many special laws require forfeiture and confiscation as essential. In regard to such general forfeiture and confiscation, the Supreme Court refers to the forfeiture and confiscation in some special act as ‘disciplinary forfeiture and confiscation’ for the purpose of punishing without aiming at the deprivation of profits in light of the purpose of the legislation and the purpose of the legislation. and in the case of ‘disciplinary forfeiture and confiscation’, it acknowledges the collective responsibility of confiscation. In this article, I will review critically on what the Supreme Court has called ‘disciplinary confiscation’ for the forfeiture and confiscation of foreign exchange transaction act, and examine the problems of collective responsibility of confiscation.