본 연구는 종가시나무의 솎아베기에 따른 흉고직경 및 재적생장 변화를 위해 수행되었다. 솎아베기 시험구는 재적을 기준으로 약도 및 강도의 처리를 하였고, 생장변화는 솎아베기를 실시하지 않은 대조구와 상대적인 비교를 실시하였다. 솎아베기 실시 7년 후 결과는, 흉고직경의 경우 강도의 솎아베기 처리구가 대조구와 비교하였을 때 뚜렷한 생장차이가 나타났다. 7년간의 정기평균생장량 역시 강도의 솎아베기 처리구가 대조구와 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었고, 약도의 처리구 흉고직경생장 변화는 대조구 비교하였을 때, 통계적으로 유의적 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 7년 후의 재적생장 변화는 처리구별 모두 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 정기평균생장량 역시 강도의 처리구가 수치적으로 간벌 후 재적생장량이 높으나, 통계적으로는 유의적 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 종가시나무 임분의 솎아베기 처리에 따른 생장변화는 입목들의 공간 확장에 따라 강도의 처리구에서 흉고직경생장 변화가 나타났다. 그러나 입목본수 감소에 따라 재적생장은 처리구별로 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

The nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal pathogen of pine wilt disease in Korea. Currently, it is reported that B. mucronatus also has a low pathogenicity. Despite this difference in pathogenicity, it is very difficult to differentiate these two species due to similarity in morphological characters. The sequence variation of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of ribosomal DNA has been used for species identification and phylogeny of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus. But, the IGS region sequence data of B. mucronatus has been only reported in Portugal. In this study, We analyzed genetic variation on ITS and IGS regions of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus (Asian genotype, European genotype) based on rDNA gene sequences, and conducted phylogeography using TCS network. When the each isolates was determined the phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method, Bursaphelenchus species were divided into each groups, and showed low variation within each species. In the TCS analysis, The isolate of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus (Asian genotype and European genotype) were divided into each groups and confirmed slightly genetic distance within species. B. mucronatus European genotype has possibility of new species different with Asian genotype.

Metam-sodium has been generally applied to control Pinus koraiensis, P. densiflora and P. thunbergii infected by pine wilt disease in the forest field of Korea. We determined the atmospheric concentration of nematocidal and insecticidal gaseous methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and more volatile and toxic gaseous methyl isocyanate (MIC) in the metam-sodium fumigated fields depending on the distance from metam-sodium treated site, time and season by OSHA No. 52 method. Determined atmospheric MIC was below acute exposure limit (50 ㎍/㎥) and chronic exposure limit (1.0 ㎍/㎥) of EPA regulation in all detection point. In summer, the maximum of MITC and MIC was observed to 105.2 ㎍/㎥ in the 1st day and 0.41 ㎍/㎥ in the 4th day after metam-sodium treatment, respectively. On the other hand, in winter, the maximum of MITC and MIC was observed to 4.6 ㎍/㎥ in the 4th day and 0.52 ㎍/㎥ in the 5th day after metam-sodium treatment, respectively. Atmospheric concentrations of MITC and MIC were higher the closer to the metam-sodium treated site, but decreased below LOQ with distance (~ 50 m). This result showed that the reaction rate of metam-sodium to MITC is more affected by temperature and the translation rate of MITC to MIC is generally very low, regardless of season.

This study was conducted to provide desirable way on the eating of sugar foods, specifically the differences between dietary attitude, dietary behaviors and intake frequency. Data was collected from 279 middle students in the Incheon region through a self-administered questionnaire. According to the results of the reliability and factor analysis, the dietary attitude, dietary behaviors and intake frequency was 3.52, 2.89 and 2.51, with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.867, 0.789, 0.940 and KMO of 0.899. Factor analysis extracted three components of the sugar preference, which we named dietary attitude (factor 1), dietary behaviors (factor 2), and intake frequency (factor 3). The dietary attitude and dietary behaviors showed a significant difference between sugar preference and non-preference (p<0.05). Also, intake frequency of sugar food showed a significant differences in chocolate, chocolate products, and ice cream between sugar preference and non-preference (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in cake, bread kinds, juice, sweetness milk, yogurt between sugar preference and non-preference (p>0.05). A significant positive result of intake frequency of sugar food (p<0.05) was shown for the dietary attitude, BMI, weight, and monthly pocket money. Based on this study, the reduction of sugar intake is needed especially for middle students

Lymantria dispar (Linne), gypsy moth, is known as euryphagous insect and one of forest pests having wide range of host. Female of European Gypsy Moth (EGM) are flightless whereas those of the Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM) are strong fliers. So, we studied flight ability of female AGM by using flight mill device. The flight measurements of female AGM are recorded for an hour using 1- and 2-day-old mated and unmated individuals. As a results, mated females were observed more active the unmated. But, flight speed of unmated females are faster than mated. Flight frequency wasn't showed any significant difference between mated and unmated females.

We carried out DNA barcoding of five Korean Lymantria species to establish identification references library for quarantine inspection. Total of 118 samples including 34 samples obtained through quarantine inspection, two from USDA, and one collected from Philiphine were used for this study. And 30 sequences of 10 species from GenBank of NCBI were used as reference sequences. In a result of DNA barcoding of the Korean Lymantria species, sequence divergence of 148 DNA barcodes ranged from null to 17.0%, intraspecific divergence from null to 1.0%, and interspecific divergence from 5.1 to 17.0%. In NJ tree, L. dispar contained three clusters, which were identified as L. dispar asiatica, L. albescens, and L. xylina, respectively. L. xylina was collected through quarantine inspection on a foreign merchant ship in Yeosu port, and L. albescens was obtained by pheromone trap on L. dispar installed in Busan port. And L. monacha known as single species in Korea was revealed as species complex with three species, L. monacha, L. minomonis, and L. sugii. In subspecies level, L. dispar dispar (EGM) built single cluster, but L. d. asiatica (AGM) and L. d. japonica showed as multiple cluster. Therefore, DNA barcoding lead to rapid and accurate identification in species level, but in subspecies level, only a taxon showing geographically far distance was discriminated from the others. And the results could provide a taxonomic outline of the Korean Lymantria fauna and might be used as identification reference for Lymantria species in quarantine inspection.

A taxonomic review on the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 was conducted. In a result, a total of nine species under four subgenera including two new recorded species were detected as followings: L. dispar asiatica Vnukovskij, 1926, L. xylina Swinhoe, 1903, L. monacha (Linnaeus, 1758), L. minomonis Matsumura, 1933, L. sugii Kishida, 1986, L. lucescens (Butler, 1881), L. mathura Moore, 1865, L. fumida Butler, 1877, and L. bantaizana Matsumura, 1933. Of the two unrecorded species, L. minomonis was found only in Is. Bogildo of Jeollanam-do, the southern part of Korea, and the other one, L. sugii was collected in the middle part of Korea. On the two species, L. xylina and L. fumida, the Korean specimens could not be examined through this study. Therefore, we considered that the two species might be excluded from the Korean Lymantria fauna. Each species was identified on the basis of wing pattern and genitalia of male/female adult. We provided diagnosis, male/female adult habitus photos, male genitalia photos, and female ovipositor photos.

As pine mushroom market size is about 800 billion won in the world, global trade is being increased. And in Korea, the import volume of Chinese pine mushroom is coming to maximum 10 billion won. Caused by this situation, quarantine on insect pests of pine mushroom was being important. For this problem, we tried to analyze DNA barcodes on Diptera inhabiting in pine mushroom. In this study, 253 fly individuals from Korean mushroom and 13 from Chinese one were used. Diversity on species level was analyzed based on 2.0% threshold approach. In a results, total of 23 species of six families were detected. Among them, 19 species of six families were found from Korean mushroom and four species were from Chinese one. Korean and Chinese faunistic compositions by DNA barcoding were quitely different from each other. Therefore, we consider that quarantine inspection on Diptera of pine mushroom is more reinforced, and monitoring on the diptera species from imported Chinese pine mushroom is needed.

This study was conducted to estimate temperature effect on the hatching success of Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM), Lymantria dispar (Linne) in different temperature conditions (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35℃). The egg masses were collected during winter season and stored in cold room (4℃). The hatching rate was evaluated from the number of hatched caterpillar for period of 50 days. As a result, hatching rates were 89.80, 92.94, 95.51, 62.02, and 18.35% at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35℃, respectively. The optimal temperature on the hatching success of AGM egg might be 20~25℃.

관상가치가 높은 상록활엽수 4종에 대하여 실내조경소재로서 도입 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 차광률 0, 35, 50, 75, 95%로 달리하여 실험구를 조성하고 생육상태와 광합성반응을 분석하였으며 최종으로 그 활용 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 먼저 생육특성을 살펴볼 때, 까마귀쪽나무와 돈나무는 차광률 95%까지 그리고 금목서와 홍가시나무는 차광률 75%까지 양호한 생육을 나타냈다. 엽록소 함량 변화는 생육특성에서 나타난 결과와 유사하였다. 상대적으로 까마귀쪽나무와 돈나무는 차광률 35~95% 범위에서 차광 정도에 따라서 적절하게 순응하는 것으로 나타났지만, 금목서와 홍가시나무는 적절하게 대응하지 못하였고 차광률 95%에서는 오히려 총엽록소 함량이 감소하였다. 광합성능력은 4수종에서 3가지 유형의 순응 반응을 나타냈다. 차광률 95%에서 불량한 생육을 보인 금목서와 양호한 생육을 보인 돈나무는 전형적인 양엽과 음엽에서 나타는 광합성능력 차이를 나타냈다. 돈나무와 유사하게 차광률 95%에서 양호한 생육을 보인 까마쪽나무는 양엽과 음엽 간에 광합성능력 차이를 거의 나타내지 않았다. 양수에 가까운 중용수로서 차광률 95%에서 불량한 생육을 보인 홍가시나무는 차광률 35%에서 가장 높은 광합성능력을 나타냈다. 최종으로 각 수종에서 차광에 따른 광환경의 순응 정도, 즉 내음성을 광보상점으로 평가하면, 금목서는 차광률 75%인 968lux 이상, 까마귀쪽나무는 차광률 95%인 273lux 이상, 돈나무는 차광률 95%인 331lux 이상, 홍가시나무는 차광률 75%인 565lux 이상의 광도를 요구하는 것으로 나타났다.