The nuclear power plant (NPP) decommissioning market is expected to expand not only domestically but also overseas. Proven technologies must be applied to decommission NPP. This is based on Article 41-2, Paragraph 2 of the domestic ‘Enforcement Decree Of The Nuclear Safety Act’. Proven technology refers to technology that has verified that it can be applied in the field through demonstration. In other words, in order to carry out NPP decommissioning, verification must be done. Demonstration refers to reducing technological uncertainty and directly verifying services implemented in the field. From a technology commercialization perspective, demonstration requires an approach based on technology readiness level (TRL) from a technology perspective and market readiness level (MRL) from a market perspective. The characteristics of demonstration also differ depending on the characteristics of each field. The demonstration in the field of nuclear energy is the demonstration of demand matching. This is to confirm the feasibility of the technology in the company’s required environment. In order to perform demonstration, a scenario must be derived by reflecting demonstration design considerations. After evaluating the derived scenario, an actual assessment is conducted using lab-based demonstration/virtual environment demonstration/real environment demonstration. What must be preceded by an actual assessment is confirming the consumer’s requirements. In this study, the necessary environment and requirements of consumer’s to perform NPP decommissioning were reviewed. The domestic decommissioning procedure requirements management system presents decommissioning procedures, potential worker accidents, and worker requirements. In the case of foreign countries, it was confirmed that complex wide need, cost benefit, risk reduction, waste generation, operation, reliability and maintenance (RAM) improvement and quantitative measures were evaluated for the technology to be demonstrated. Also the requirements for demonstrating decommissioning need to a detailed review of actual decommissioning cases. Therefore, a comparison must be made between the requirements based on actual NPP decommissioning cases and the requirements derived from this research process. Afterwards, the empirical research approach proposed by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy was applied. The empirical research approach proposed by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy is to secure a track record over a certain period of time and performance under conditions similar to the actual environment in the final research stage at the TRL level 6 to 8. Through this, it will be possible to confirm the suitability of overseas technology for domestic application.

When decommissioning nuclear power plant (NPP), the first task performed is cost estimation. This is an important task in terms of securing adequate decommissioning funds and managing the schedule. Therefore, many countries and institutions are conducting continuous research and also developing and using many programs for cost estimation. However, the cost estimated for decommissioning an NPP typically differs from the actual cost incurred in its decommissioning. This is caused by insufficient experience in decommissioning NPPs or lack of decommissioning cost data. This uncertainty in cost estimation can be in general compensated for by applying a contingency. However, reflecting an appropriate standard for the contingency is also difficult. Therefore, in this study, data analysis was conducted based on the contingency guideline suggested by each institution and the actual cost of decommissioning the NPP. Subsequently, TLG Service, Inc.’s process, which recently suggested specific decommissioning costs, was matched with ISDC (International Structure for Decommissioning Costing)’s work breakdown structure (WBS). Based on the matching result, the guideline for applying the contingency for ISDC’s WBS Level 1 were presented. This study will be helpful in cost estimation by applying appropriate contingency guidelines in countries or institutions that have no experience in decommissioning NPPs.

3D modeling is a technology for representing real objects in a virtual 3D space or modeling and reproducing the physical environment. 2D drawings for viewing the existing building structure have limitations that make it difficult to understand the structure. By implementing this 3D modeling, specific visualization became possible. 3D technology is being applied in a wide range of preevaluation work required for nuclear decommissioning. In Slovakia, 3D modeling was applied to determine the optimal cutting strategy for the primary circuit before dismantling the VVER type Bohunice V1. In Japan, the Decommissioning Engineering Support System (DEXUS) program has been developed that incorporates VRDose, a decommissioning engineering support system based on 3D CAD models. Through this, the cutting length of the work object and the quantity of containers for packaging waste are calculated, exposure dose calculations in various dismantling scenarios, and cost estimation are performed. Korea also used 3D technology to evaluate the decommissioning waste volume for Kori Unit 1 and to evaluate the optimal scenario of the decommissioning process procedure for the research reactor Unit 1. 3D technology is currently being used in various pre-decommissioning evaluations for VVER, PWR, and research reactors. Overseas, a program that matches various decommissioning pre-evaluation tasks with cost estimation has also been developed. However, most 3D technologies are mainly used as a support system for dose evaluation and amount of decommissioning waste calculation. In this study, 3D modeling was performed on the PHWR structure, and physical and radiological information about the structure was provided. The information on the structure can present the unit cost for the work object by confirming the standard of the applied unit cost factor (UCF). The UCF presents the unit cost for repeated decommissioning operations. The decommissioning cost of the work object can be obtained by multiplying the UCF by the number of repetitions of the work. If the results of this study are combined with the process evaluation and waste quantity estimation performed in previous studies, it is judged that it will be helpful in developing an integrated NPP decommissioning program that requires preliminary evaluation of various tasks. In addition, it is judged that a clear cost estimation of the object to be evaluated will be possible by matching the 3D work object with the UCF.

본 논문은 코로나19(COVID-19)의 출현으로 새롭게 재정립되는 한국 교회의 선교적 행보를 꿈꾸며, 교회의 본질에 대한 ‘선교적 교회’의 적합성을 논하고, 교회 공동체의 핵심 주체인 평신도들의 선교적 그리 스도인(missional Christians)으로서의 소명(calling, 召命)을 발견 한다. 이에 따라 대럴 구더(Darrell L. Guder)가 제시하는 ‘선교적 공동체’의 사도직을 한국 교회의 평신도들에게 접목시켜 선교적 증인 공동체의 올바른 선교적 삶을 모색해본다. 평신도는 목회자와 더불어 세상에 파송된 하나님의 선교 동역자로 목회자와 함께 사도직을 부여받은 존재이며, 교회와 사회를 연결해 주는 유일한 통로이다. 이것을 인식하는 교회는 기존의 방식, 즉 교회 내부 중심의 프로그램들의 획기적인 변화에 초점을 맞추어 교회 지도층 들의 일괄적 프로그램 개발과 평신도들의 수동적 참여가 아닌, 평신도 들의 자발적 참여로 함께 만들어 가는 창의적 프로그램들이 요구된다. 따라서 교회의 핵심 주체인 평신도들이 세상을 향해 ‘증언의 도구’로 나아가 ‘세속적 임무(secular order)’를 충분히 감당할 수 있도록 해야 한다.

저자들은 조영증강 복부 전산화단층촬영과 혈관조영술로 급성췌장염이 동반된 췌장의 동정맥 기형을 진단하였고 수술적 절제로 치료된 45세 남성의 예를 경험하였다. 췌장의 동정맥 기형은 매우 드문 질환이며 췌장염이 동반된 것은 더 드물다고 알려져 있다. 그러나 췌장의 동정맥 기형도 급성췌장염의 한가지 원인이 될 수 있음을 고려해야 한다.

Supplementation with glutamine(Gln) has beneficial effects on intestinal and immune functions. Cage-reared chicks suffer from various stressors during early growth, but the effect of Gln supplementation on growth performance and stress hormones is uncertain. We investigated the effect of Gln on growth performance and blood corticosterone levels in Hyline chicks. Groups of 3-day-old chicks were fed one of three diets: normal feed(CTL group), normal feed supplemented with a low level of Gln, or normal feed supplemented with a high level of Gln. Growth and various physiological and biochemical parameters related to stress were assessed. On day 30, after a 24-h fast, blood was analyzed for corticosterone and other parameters, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, blood total protein, and inorganic phosphate. Growth performance was maintained in Gln supplemented groups. The corticosterone level was decreased in the two groups receiving Gln supplementation compared to the CTL, and all other humoral factors did not differ between the groups. We suggest that Gln supplementation is a safe and useful strategy for reducing the effects of stress in cage-reared chicks.

A baggage handling system (BHS) in airport is an unified system for moving the passengers’ baggage in designated time. Input baggage from the check-in counter travels to the baggage claim area or cargo handling terminal through this system. In particular, entryway BHS consists of conveyors, X-ray and sorters such as tilt-tray to send the baggage to departing airplane and it could have various problems for handling certain amount of baggage in restricted time such as baggage jamming at certain merge point. This causes systemic error such as delay of the time, omissions of the baggage and even breakdown of the equipment and inefficiency. Also the increasing maximum time of the baggage passing through the BHS could delay the flight schedule and finally decrease the service level. Thus, the algorithm for controlling the flow of the merge is essential to the system. The window reservation algorithm is the one of the most frequently used methods to control the merge configuration. Above all, the reserve location, so called reserve ahead point, that allocates the window is important for the performance of the algorithm. We propose the modified window reservation algorithm and the best reserve locations by changing the reserve ahead point in the induction conveyors. The effect of various reserve ahead points such as the capacity and utility of the system were analyzed and the most effective reserve ahead point combination was found. The total baggage processing time and the utilization of the tilt-tray are properly considered when choosing the optimal Reserve ahead point combination. In the layout of this study, the configuration of four conveyors merged into one tilt-tray is studied and simulation analysis is done by AutoMod®, 3D simulation software. Through the simulation, the window reservation algorithm is effectively operated with the best combination of reserve ahead point which reduces the maximum baggage travel time.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can self-renew and can differentiate to a variety of specialized blood cells). The proliferation and homing of HSCs are strictly regulated both in the system level and local level. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor, potent species-specific stimulator of granulocyte-macrophage, eosinophil, megakaryocyte and erythroid progenitors. In clinical purpose GM-CSF has been used as hematopoietic growth factor. It can promote the mobilization of HSC from bone marrow to peripheral blood. The number of HSCs mobilized into blood can be modulated by the kinds of cytolines. However, the information for the cytokine which promote mobilization is limited. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2) induces the change of niche and affects the maintenance and differentiation of HSCs. FGF-2 positively regulates hematopoiesis, by acting on stroma cells, on early and committed hematopoietic progenitors, and possibly on some mature blood cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of FGF-2 on HSCs mobilization and proliferation compare to GM-CSF. GM-CSF and FGF-2 were injected for 2 or 5 days into peritoneum of CD-1 mice (6～8 wks old) and sampling the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The bone marrow cells and peripheral blood were analyzed using FACS. In GM-CSF group, the number of HSCs was significantly increased by 2 days of injection but was significantly decreased in 5 days of injection. On the other hand the number of HSCs was significantly increased by the administration of FGF2 both in 2 days and 5 days. GM-CSF and FGF-2 are all increased the number of HSC both in bone marrow and peripheral blood. From these results, it is revealed that chronic administration of GM-CSF does not cause of the increase the number of HSCs. On the other hand, FGF2 can stimulate the proliferation of HSC without inhibition by the treatment period. It is suggested that GM-CSF and FGF2 may use different mechanisms to stimulate the HSCs proliferation. IP: 220.149.***.