Due to the development of the internet and communications technology, the media market has undergone significant changes in the 2000s. In the past, when the types of media were not diverse, media content was mainly consumed through TV, radio, newspapers, etc., but as varied, it allowed users to watch the content anytime and anywhere. ‘Snack Video’ which is produced in a short length and consumed in commuting time and leisure time, and ‘Snack Culture’ which is a popular lifestyle trend of consuming short-form cultural content, is now widespread. The representative content of snack content is video clips. Various of media provide video clips, such as portal sites, SNS, and TV programs. YouTube is effective in increasing purchases than the other channels. Over-The-Top (OTT) is another pillar of the new media market, which has emerged with the development of the internet and communications technologies.

The prevalence of cancer in companion dogs is growing nowadays with the increasing worldwide population of domestic dogs. Since there is a less established standard of care in veterinary medicine, investigational treatments, such as the development of biomarkers can be considered as a therapeutic intervention for early diagnosis. Despite the enormous efforts that have been invested in the search of biomarkers, still, there is a need for easy detection of significant biological markers for predicting canine cancers at an early stage. In this study, we have analyzed the expression pattern of previously reported 46 canine cancer-associated candidate genes in blood specimens using real-time qPCR. We hypothesized that analysis of gene expression in blood would provide preliminary evidence of local or systemic immunogenic response which further contribute to the easy and early diagnosis of canine cancer from blood specimen as an analytical tool. The datasets included a total of 22 blood samples collected from different breeds of dogs diagnosed with cancer and five from healthy normal dogs. RT-qPCR analysis was performed by employing the SYBR Green PCR mix to assess the expression of these 46 genes in a total of 27 samples. From our result, a total of nine genes (ROS1, C1QA, CD48, IL1b, TLR2, IL2R, CHI3L1, CTSS, and TLR7) were found to be significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) in the cancer samples compared to non-cancer samples. The relative expression level of ROS1, C1QA, CD48, IL1b, TLR2, IL2R, CHI3L1, CTSS, and TLR7 genes was 5.74, 4.78, 3.94, 2.94, 2.57, 2.53, 2.50, 2.04, and 2.57, respectively, in cancer samples compared to non-cancer samples. Thus, our results reveal several highly expressed cancer genes that can be therapeutic target genes for further testing in canine cancers.

본 연구는 플리커에 게시된 사진 게시물에 대한 공간적 분석을 통하여 서울을 방문한 관광객의 주요 관광지와 문화권별 관광 특성을 분석하였다. 서울 시내에 2013년 1월 1일부터 2017년 12월 31일 사이에 플리커의 지오태깅된 데이터를 수집하고, 전체 사용자를 관광객과 거주자로 분류하였다. 이후, 관광객이 주로 방문하는 지역인 RoA를 도출하여 RoA 방문 경향을 분석하였다. 아울러 서울 시내 문화권별 관광객이 많이 방문하는 핫스팟 지역 또한 분석하였다. 분석에 사용된 데이터는 총 167,410건 이였으며, 사용자 수는 3,921명이었다. 이후 RoA를 도출하기 위하여 DBSCAN 알고리즘을 통하여 서울 전체에 11개, 종로 내부에 12개의 RoA를 도출하였다. 서울 전체에 종로, 홍대, 남산, 신촌, 강남역, 코엑스, 이태원, 잠실, 가로수길, 전쟁기념관, 대학로 RoA가 도출되었으며, 종로 내부의 경우에는 경복궁, 명동, 광화문, 동대문, 북촌, 시청, 창덕궁, 인사동, 남대문, 광장시장, 창경궁, 감고당길에서 RoA가 도출되었다. 이후 문화권별 관광객의 관광 경향의 차이를 확인하기 위하여 아시아권, 미주권, 유럽권 관광객의 관광 추이를 확인하였으며, 문화권별로 각각 상이한 핫스팟 지역이 나타난 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 발생핫스팟(EHSA)를 통하여 관광객 추이의 시공간적 변화를 확인하였다.

본 연구는 소셜 네트워크 서비스 중 한 유형인 플리커를 이용하여 궤적 데이터를 생성하고, 서울을 방문한 관광객의 이동 특성을 분석하였다. 연구에는 2015년 1월 1일 부터 2017년 12월 31일까지 서울을 방문한 1,476명 관광객이 게시한 플리커 사진 39,157건을 활용하였다. 연구기간 내 서울을 방문한 관광객은 1회 방문시 평균 5.12일을 체류하며, 약 1.27회 방문한 것으로 나타났다. 서울방문 관광객의 첫 방문지는 종로･남산, 신촌･홍대, 이태원 순으로 나타났으며, 주 목적지는 종로･남산이며 주로 인접 지역으로 이동하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 활용한 데이터와 방법론은 관광행태 분석을 효율화하고, 다각적 분석을 가능하게 하는데 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between frequency of high-caffeine energy drink intake in adolescents and their mental health status using data from the Korean adolescent health behaviors online survey (2014-15). Mental health was classified by the five categories: Perception of stress (PS), Insufficient relief of fatigue after sleep (IRFS), Experience of sadness despair (SD), Suicidal ideation (SI), and Subjective unhappiness (SU). Regarding general characteristics, higher age, height, and body weight of subjects were associated with higher frequency of high-caffeine energy drink (HCED) intake (p< .0001). In the OR analysis, when the lowest group (≤2/wk) and highest group (1≥day) were compared, the highest group showed significantly higher OR in all five categories of mental health. According to gender, males did not show better PS, SD, and SI than females who had a high frequency of HCED (p for trend<.0001). According to school level, middle school students showed a higher risk rate than high school students in PS, IRFS, and SD (p for trend< .0001). Based on the above results, higher frequency of HCED intake among adolescents was associated with more adverse effects on mental health.

Introduction What is fast fashion? Does this term just define all the latest or the most popular or the most famous clothes? In reality, this social phenomenon goes beyond the conventional notion of industrialized fashion and carries more importance than is implied by this view. Fast fashion, defined as “the retail strategy of adapting merchandise assortments to current and emerging trends as quickly and effectively as possible” (Sull & Turconi, 2008, p. 5), has received a great amount of attention from fashion marketers and consumers since its inception during the 21st century (Tokatli, 2008; Jang et al., 2012). The purpose of this study was to deepen our understanding of fast fashion consumers. Based on the review of related literature, the key variables related to fast fashion consumers were categorized into three dimensions: consumer characteristics (i.e., fashion leadership, price consciousness), consumer awareness (i.e., awareness of sustainable practices of fast fashion retailers, perception of fashion democratization), and attitude toward fast fashion retailers. The three dimensions were examined in a sequential manner to assess the power of each set of antecedents in explaining college students’ repatronage intention of fast fashion retailers. Related Literature While fast fashion retailers have experienced a huge financial success mainly due to their affordable and accessible fashion products, they have also been harshly criticized by some members of the public because of their lack of corporate social responsibility. Indeed, fast fashion retailers’ low cost and efficient supply chain management systems have had negative effects on the environment, society, and people (Barnes & Lea-Greenwood, 2006; Bruce & Daly, 2006; Ro & Kim, 2009). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that about 14.3 million tons of textiles were generated in 2012, making up 5.2 percent of total municipal solid waste. Such massive textile waste has been attributed to fast fashion retailers because the cheap and trendy items they produce encourage consumers to make frequent purchases and to frequently dispose of unwanted clothing. Furthermore, several fast fashion retailers (e.g. Gap and Forever 21) have been criticized for the use of child labor and the sweatshop-like conditions of their factories (Ramishvili, 2012). Moreover, some fast fashion retailers have been involved in intellectual property lawsuits because they replicated the runway designs of prominent designers to produce knock-off products (Pous, 2013). In response, a few fashion experts claim that fast fashion retailers destroy fashion because the styles produced lack of aesthetic expression and creativity (Choufan, 2013). However, these issues are not solely a problem associated with fast fashion retailers. In fact, the entire fashion industry is responsible for adverse environmental and societal consequences to some extent. Traditional fashion retailers (e.g. Diesel, Levi’s, Dolce & Gabbana, Chanel, Hermès) also generate huge amounts of textile waste along with hazardous waste that results from the chemical materials used in production processes. Their products are also manufactured in developing countries to keep production costs low. They also may not pay attention to the labor environment. Therefore, traditional fashion retailers along with fast fashion retailers have responsibilities related to sustainability issues (Casey, 2014; Greenpeace, 2013). Nevertheless, fast fashion retailers have received the majority of the public’s criticism regarding these issues. Contrary to a popular belief, fast fashion retailers have taken some steps to apply the concept of sustainability into their business practices. For example, H&M collects unwanted garments for recycling, uses recycled or reused materials for producing new garments and uses organic cottons (Lanyon, 2013). Other fast fashion retailers like Zara, Topshop and Uniqlo as well as H&M also have launched eco-friendly collections (MacDonald, 2012). Moreover, H&M, Zara, Mango and Uniqlo have committed to eliminate the release of toxic chemicals by 2020 in response to Greenpeace’s Detox campaign and to public pressure (Greenpeace, 2012). Furthermore, fast fashion retailers are also paying attention to labor issues. For instance, after more than 1,100 people died from the Rana Plaza building collapse on April 24th in 2013 (Chua, 2013), major fast fashion retailers signed the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh. This accord indicates these retailers agree to be responsible for the working environment for employees in apparel factories in Bangladesh. Although their ultimate goal might be to increase their sales by recovering their brand images damaged by unfavorable media coverage, it is clear that movement toward sustainable practices will minimize the negative impact of their business practices on the environment and society and encourage other retailers to incorporate sustainable practices. In spite of the harsh criticism directed at fast fashion retailers, consumers still like wearing fast fashion products considering that fast fashion retailers have continuously expanded their businesses worldwide and have been successful. Prior researchers interested in fast fashion retailers have focused on supply chain management issues (Barnes & Lea-Greenwood, 2006; Mihm, 2010), the value of fast fashion (Cachon & Swinney, 2011), and indentifying business strategies of a particular fast fashion retailer (Ferdows, Lewis, & Machuca, 2005; Ghemawat, Nueno, & Dailey, 2003; Tokatli, 2008). However, few researchers have theoretically explained why consumers still like fast fashion products and visit fast fashion retailers. With that in mind, the present study identified various factors that positively influence consumer attitude and their patronage intention toward fast fashion retailers. Furthermore, although fast fashion retailers have positive motivations toward consumers (e.g. provide inexpensive fashionable items,participate in sustainable practices), consumer research has highlighted their negative effects on the environment and society (e.g., Morgan & Birtwistle, 2009). Methods An online self-administered survey methodology was employed with a purposive sample of U.S. college students who had shopped at fast fashion retailers. A total of 154 usable responses were used for data analysis. The click through rate was 79.79%. Exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression were used to examine the interrelationships among the three dimensions of antecedents (consumer characteristics, consumer awareness, consumer attitude) and repatronage intention. The measurement items employed were developed based on previous literature. All items were reviewed and modified to fit the context of this research: consumer attitude and patronage intention toward fast fashion retailers (Madden, Ellen, & Ajzen, 1992); perception of fashion democratization (PFD) (Dubois, Czellar, & Laurent, 2005); fashion opinion leadership (Flynn et al., 1996; Goldsmith & Hofacker, 1991); and price consciousness (Lichtenstein et al., 1993). The items for measuring awareness of sustainable practices of fast fashion retailers (ASP) were created based on news articles presenting sustainable practices fast fashion retailers actually engaged in. Participant Characteristics Among the participants, 48.1% were majoring in a fashion related area (e.g. fashion design, retail merchandising). The majority of the participants were female (85.1%). Most participants (92.2%) were between 18 and 25 years old. With respect to ethnicity, 63.0% were Caucasian. Approximately half of the participants (52.6%) reported that they earned less than $10,000 annually. Also, 26.0% of the participants shopped at fast fashion retailers once a month. Results A weighted least squares (WLS) hierarchical regression analysis was used for data analysis. Fast fashion shopping frequency was used as a weight variable as it is related to the variability in the dependent variable. The results revealed that: (a) fashion leadership positively influenced repatonage intention (Model 1); (b) after controlling consumer characteristics, PFD played a significant role in increasing variance explained in repatonage intention (Model 2) and (c) after controlling consumer characteristics and awareness, consumer attitude was found to be a significant predictor, partially mediating the linkages from fashion leadership and PFD to repatronage intention (Model 3). Implications and Conclusion Our findings suggest that fashion leadership plays an important role in the fast fashion market because it initiates the acceptance of new trends and leads to diffusion of new fashion. Prior research suggests that fashion leaders (versus followers) are willing to take risks in trying new items offered by fast fashion retailers, are interested in fashion information, tend to retain fashion items for socializing for a short period of time and need various and unique fashion items (Goldsmith, Freiden & Kilsheimer, 1993; Kang & Park-Poaps, 2010). Given that fast fashion retailers promote frequent purchases and decrease the financial burden by offering new products on a weekly basis and charging low prices, our finding is consistent with fashion leaders’ characteristics prior research identified. Another important finding is that the role of PDF in defining fast fashion consumers. Fast fashion products look similar to high-end products, but are comparatively inexpensive because the fast fashion retailers apply or copy high-end designs into their products and use cheap materials (Niinimäki, 2009; Reinach, 2005). Also, fast fashion retailers open tremendous stores across the world, which make fashion more accessible to consumers globally. As a result, fast fashion retailers accelerate the fashion democratization and it means that both concepts of fast fashion and fashion democratization are highly related. As Wang (2010) stated, “fast fashion’s soul is to make fashion democratized with its low price and speed” (p.10). Further research is needed to extend and corroborate the findings of this study.

Bacteria get stressed and damaged during freeze-drying process for commercialization and this result in loss of its effect. Viability is important for its efficacy, but this drying process can deteriorate viability by damaging the integrity of the cell membrane as well. In this study, we propose 0.03 M histidine for rehydration of freeze-dried probiotics to improve their viability. The freeze-dried bacteria mixture with 0.03 M histidine showed augmented survivability during in vitro simulated gastric and duodenum stress conditions and increased viability during 60 min rehydration. It exhibited a significantly increased adherence ability of lyophilized bacteria to the HT-29 cell-line. Therefore, this shows possibility of probiotics commercialization with damage of lyophilization restored and survivability ameliorated.