고대 그리스 코러스는 고전적인 이야기 전달 도구로 간주되어져 왔다. 그런데 예이츠의 󰡔데어드라󰡕는 고전적인 코로스와는 다른 방식으로 악사들을 이용하여 이야기를 전달한다. 악사들을 통하여 이야기를 전달하는 예이츠의 방식은 여러 가지 점에서 클래식한 방식에 익숙해진 관객을 낯설게 만든다. 이와 같은 점 외에도 󰡔데어드라󰡕의 이야기 전달 방식은 관객으로 하여금 캐릭터에 대한 선입견을 갖게 하고 드라마의 연기 동작에도 영향을 미친다.

To understand the detrimental effects of triclosan on Java medaka (Oryzias javanicus) embryos, fertilized embryos were exposed to different concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 μg l-1) of triclosan until hatching. Then, we examined the survival rate and developmental parameters as well as alterations in antioxidant constituents and DNA damage markers. The results showed dose-dependent mortality, hatching delays, and developmental abnormalities in the embryos. Additionally, there were significant increases in oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant responses, along with elevated DNA damage. These findings suggest that sublethal concentrations of triclosan induce toxic effects through oxidative stress on Java medaka embryos, as evidenced by changes in in vivo parameters and biochemical constituents.

본 연구는 해외자회사의 성과에 미치는 현지 자선활동의 긍정적 효과가 자회사가 위치한 현지 산 업환경에 따라 어떻게 달라질 수 있는지를 실증적으로 분석한다. 한국에 진출한 544개의 다국적 기업 자회사들의 자선활동과 기업성과를 분석한 결과, 자선활동의 영향이 현지 산업의 풍부성 (Munificence)과 복잡성(Complexity)에 따라 달라짐을 확인하였다: 풍부성이 높은 산업에서는 자선활동의 영향이 강화되었으나, 복잡성이 높은 산업에서는 그 영향이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 해외자회사의 자선활동이 현지 산업의 환경을 고려하여 실행되었을 때 성과를 향상 시키는 전략적 도구가 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 현지 산업환경이 해외자회사의 자선활동 이 성과에 미치는 영향을 제한하거나 확대하는 하나의 요인임을 제시하며, 이를 통해 현지 자선활 동의 전략적 가치에 대한 논의를 확장하고 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR) 문헌에 기여한다.

In this research, the marine medaka Oryzias javanicus underwent a 96 h exposure to two concentrations of the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi (1,000 and 5,000 cells mL-1), and the temporal variations in biochemical responses related to antioxidant and immunity parameters were assessed in the liver tissue. The study revealed a significant increase in ichthyotoxicity with elevated cell concentrations of K. mikimotoi, especially evident at 96 h in marine medaka exposed to 5,000 cells mL-1. At 1,000 cells mL-1 of K. mikimotoi, the opercular respiratory rate showed a significant increase, whereas exposure to 5,000 cells mL-1 resulted in a lowered rate. The intracellular malondialdehyde content was significantly elevated in response to both cell concentrations at 96 h. Regarding glutathione content, levels were significantly increased by exposure to both cell concentrations. Catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activities experienced an increase at 1,000 cells mL-1 of K. mikimotoi, while their activities were reduced at 5,000 cells mL-1 at 96 h. The analysis of two immunity parameters, alternative complement pathway and lysozyme, demonstrated significantly reduced activities in the liver tissue exposed to 5,000 cells mL-1 of K. mikimotoi. These findings aim to enhance the understanding of K. mikimotoi toxicity in marine fish by offering insights into biochemical responses associated with harmful algal blooms.

본 논문은 예이츠와 셰익스피어가 문학적 도구로서 ‘유령’을 사용함에 있어 서로 다른 입장과 목적을 갖고 있었음을 전제로 그들이 극작품에서 ‘유령’이라는 도구를 어떻게 사용하는지에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다. 셰익스피어 유령극의 전형적인 특징은 유령을 마주하게 되는 인물이 대부분 죄를 지은 인물이라는 점인데, 특정 유령을 사용함으로써 캐릭터의 심리에 대해 많은 것을 드러내고, 이를 통하여 관객들의 공감적 반응을 이끌어낸다. 반면, 예이츠는 유령을 마주하는 인물보다는 유령 그 자체가 목적이었기 때문에 셰익스피어와는 유령에 대한 사용방식이 다를 수밖에 없었다. 예이츠는 극작가로서 그 자신만의 가치를 갖고 있었다.

We enjoy various forms of leisure every day. Human play culture continues to change according to the development of technology and social environment. In line with the changing society, humans experience socialization, and the market continues to change in response to human new ways of life.

This study aims to understand the influence of authentic marketing on the formation of trust between brands and customers and consumers’ purchase intentions and to analyze the role that brand trust has in this process. In doing so, it examines the specific aspects of authentic marketing that increase brand trust and contribute to the formation of purchase intentions, which could then be leveraged as key elements of a company’s marketing strategy. Data in this study was used frequency analysis and factor analysis through SPSS 26.0, and reliability analysis using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis, path model analysis, and mediated effect analysis were performed using AMOS. Finding indicate that, identity and truth in authentic marketing had a positive effect on brand trust but heritage and reality did not affect brand trust. It was also found that the factors of identity, heritage, reality, and trust did not significantly affect purchase intention. Additionally, brand trust was found to have a positive effect on purchase intention. Finally, the analysis indicates that brand trust plays a mediating role in the process of forming purchase intention through the factors of identity and truth in authentic marketing. Therefore, the core of authentic marketing is the sincere relationship between companies and consumers obtained from the clarity and integrity of messages, and in this process, mutual trust is built, which leads to product purchases. It can be surmised that the purpose of authentic marketing is to build relationships with consumers based on brand trust.

This study aimed to categorize consumers using super app functional characteristics to identify demographic differences, and analyze shopping orientations by consumer type. This data can be used by fashion and beauty companies for product planning and marketing strategies. To categorize super app consumers, data were analyzed with SPSS v.26.0 software using frequency, factor, reliability K-mean cluster, and distributed analyses, one-way-ANOVAs, and Scheffe verification. Cross-analysis was conducted to correlate super app consumer types with demographic characteristics. One-way-ANOVAs and Scheffe verification were used to analyze the differences in shopping preferences between super app consumer groups. As a result of our analyses, super app consumers were classified into four types: the ration type, the low-use type, the multifunction type, and the habit type. There were statistically significant differences between these types in age, occupation, marital status, average monthly household income, and shopping impact factors. Five super app user shopping orientations were identified: brand pursuit, pleasure pursuit, trend pursuit, risk perception, and economic orientation. The differences in the preferred orientation between super app consumer types were found to be statistically significant. The majority of respondents were multifunction type consumers. This group used the super app most frequently and effectively. They also demonstrated the highest scores for all five of the shopping orientations. The classification of consumer types in this study will allow the fashion and beauty industries to utilize super apps for more targeted product design and marketing.

Here, upon acute (96 h) and chronic (14 days) exposure, ingestion of polystyrene NPs (100 nm) and physiological, biochemical, and cholinergic modulations were analyzed in the water flea Moina macrocopa exposed to different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 μg l-1). Exposed NPs were observed in the internal organs (e.g., digestive tract and foregut) of the water flea. Chronic exposure to the relatively high concentrations resulted in significant decreases in survival, body length, and the total number of molts, whereas reproduction parameter was not affected. Significant increase in oxidative stress biomarker (malondialdehyde) and decrease in the intracellular content of endogenous antioxidant (glutathione) and enzymatic activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase) were detected in response to relatively high concentrations of NPs. Transcriptional expression of the hsp70 gene was increased in response to relatively high concentrations of NPs, whereas acetylcholinesterase activity was lowered by the same concentrations of NPs. Taken together, NPs exposure would be a significant modulator on physiological and biochemical metabolism of water flea.

In this study, an empirical analysis was conducted on the use of Korean design elements in the Hanbokwave project in 2022 in order to identify the expressed fashion characteristics and define Korean style. A case study was conducted on 98 items of clothing representing 10 Hanbok designer brands, and an analysis card was developed and used that classifies the silhouette of each item in detail. The analysis showed that in addition to the traditional skirt and Jeogori, the four stages of simulakr’s image were prevalent in various fashion items such as shirts, blouses, jackets, crop tops, vests, dresses, and pants. In the composition of sleeves, many western clothing methods such as set-in-sleeve use and adjustment, hardcover buttons, and zippers were used to fuse the three-dimensional structure of western clothing and elements of traditional Hanbok to redefine it as postmodernism. It was recognized as a modern fashion, such as the trend of mixing and matching tops and bottoms, not a skirt and Jeogori set, by layering traditional clothes without hesitation or using them as a dress. As for the silhouette of the bottoms, the A-line showed a high frequency, and the prominent shape was identified as a traditional element widely used in modern Hanboks along with the element of wrinkles. This study is thought to be used as practical data for design development for the globalization of K-fashion in the future.

This study conducted in-depth interviews with experts to implement Hanbok shows on metaverse, which can contribute to the succession and development of Hanbok design and to establish a platform that fits the reality of the Hanbok industry and consumers. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect opinions from experts, and the derived contents were divided and analyzed using an affinity diagram. Experts were positive about the use of the metaverse platform of the Hanbok show in terms of impact, accessibility, exposure, virtual fitting, issuance of NFTs, and promotion of Hanbok brands. As a result of verifying the validity of the four components of metaverse, experts highly evaluated the possibility of using Hanbok shows in the order of virtual reality, augmented reality, mirror world, and lifelogging. Visuality, influence, marketing efficiency in virtual reality, immersion in augmented reality, fantasy and artistic elements, expression, diversity, and abundant experiences were expected. The platform’s requirements emphasized realistic implementation equipment and technology, collaboration between Hanbok designers and producers, in addition to government support. Results of this study showed that appropriate target was analyzed to be in the 10–30s, and the appropriate price range was found to be able to sell at a discount of 40–80% compared to offline. This study provides useful implications for the service development of metaverse content, which will also be actively used in the Hanbok field, and can be used as basic data for reviving the Korean Hanbok industry and strengthening international competitiveness.

Mammalian eyes have a limited ability to regenerate once neurons degenerate. This results in visual impairment that impacts the quality of life among adult populations as well as in young children leading to lifelong consequences. Various therapies are in development to restore vision, and these include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, in-vivo transdifferentiation, and transplantation of a patient’s whole eye obtained from interspecies blastocyst complementation. This review discusses advances in the research as well as hurdles that need to be resolved to have a successful restoration of vision.

T.S. 엘리엇은 전혀 새로운 시인으로서 20세기 영미시에서 우리가 전혀 본적이 없는 시를 쓴 시인이다. 그러나, 그는 유럽, 특히 프랑스 시의 전통에 확고한 뿌리를 둔 시인이다. 반면, W.B. 예이츠는 자신이 상징이라고 정의한 시의 특성을 추구한 시인으로 영시나 아일랜드 시에서 금세기에서 조차 어떤 시인도 그를 능가하지 못하고 있다. 이 글은 엘리엇에 영향을 준 프랑스 시인에 대해 이야기 한다. 엘리엇은 프랑스의 새로운 시인들과 접촉하게 되어 독특한 시를 쓰게 된 것은 명확한 것 같다. 엘리엇은 시인 코르비에르에게서 프랑스 시인들이 무시하고 가치를 보지 못한, 프랑스 시의 전혀 새로운 면을 볼 수 있었다. 이 글은 구하의 책에서 프랑스 시의 영향을 다룬다. 특히 트리스탄 코르비에르의 엘리엇에 대한 영향을 논하다. 코르비에르는 당시 프랑스에서 전혀 관심을 끌지 못한 무명시인이었다. 엘리엇은 이 시인에게서 새로운 것을 발견할 수 있었고 그것을 자신의 시에 잘 사용하였다. 구하는 이점을 다룬다. 반면 예이츠는 불어시를 읽을 수 없었고 프랑스 시에 큰 영향을 받지 않은 것 같다. 예이츠는 그의 산문에서 엘리엇의 새로움과 위대함을 지적한다.

Despite concerns about the significant toxicity of copper pyrithione (CuPT) at environmental concentrations, effects of CuPT on benthic organisms have received little attention. Here, we analyzed the detrimental effects of CuPT at sublethal concentrations (1/50, 1/20, and 1/10 of the 96 h-LC50 value) for 14 days in the marine polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis. Reduced burrowing activity and significantly decreased the acetylcholinesterase activity in response to relatively high concentrations of CuPT were identified as CuPT-triggered cholinergic inhibition. The lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde levels were dosedependently increased, whereas intracellular glutathione was depleted by relatively high concentrations. In the CuPT-treated polychaete, significant fluctuations in the enzymatic activities of the antioxidant defense system (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase) were observed with significantly modulated glutathione S-transferase activity. These results indicate that even sublethal levels of CuPT would have detrimental effects on the health status of the marine polychaete.

In this study, the marine medaka Oryzias javanicus was exposed to two concentrations of non-toxin-producing red tide dinoflagellate C. polykrikoides (1,000 and 2,000 cells ml-1) for 96 h, and the time-course biochemical responses of antioxidant and immunity parameters were analyzed in the liver tissue. Significant ichthyotoxicity with increasing cell concentrations of C. polykrikoides and exposure period was observed for 96 h. Opercular respiratory rate was lowered in marine medaka exposed to 2,000 cells ml-1 of C. polykrikoides. Intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly elevated in response to both cell concentrations. In the case of glutathione (GSH) content, the levels were significantly elevated by 1,000 cells ml-1 of C. polykrikoides, but the contents significantly depleted upon exposure to 2,000 cells ml-1 of C. polykrikoides. Similarly, enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased by 1,000 cells ml-1 of C. polykrikoides, whereas their activities were lowered by 2,000 cells ml-1 of C. polykrikoides. Analysis of the two immunity parameters, alternative complement pathway and lysozyme, showed significantly lowered activities in 2,000 cells ml-1 of C. polykrikoides-exposed liver tissue. These biochemical effects of C. polykrikoides on marine medaka would be helpful for understanding its acute effects in marine fish.

목적: 소비자를 대상으로 안경사 직업에 대한 인식 현황을 조사하였으며, 안경사의 전문성을 강화하기 위한 방법과 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구의 취지와 자료수집에 동의한 일반인 624명을 대상으로 안경사 제도, 업무범위 및 전문성과 관 련된 설문조사를 수행 및 분석하였다. 결과 : 본 연구에 참여한 대상자가 생각하고 있는 시기능검사에 적합한 장소는 대부분 “안경원”인 것으로 파악 되었으며, 시기능검사를 수행하기에 적합한 사람은 주로 “안경사”로 답변한 것으로 확인되었다. 안경사가 전문성 을 가지기 위해 가장 필요한 것에 대해서는 “안과의사와 비교했을 때 유사한 수준의 전문성”으로 답변한 대상자가 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 “사회적으로 인정받을 수 있는 신뢰도와 책임감”으로 확인되었다. 전문의와 같은 분야별 안경사 양성에 대해서는 “눈과 관련된 전문적인 서비스를 받을 수 있을 것 같아서”의 이유로, 대상자 대부분이 “찬 성”하는 것으로 확인되었다. 결론 : 안경사가 토털 아이 케어 전문가로 거듭나기 위해서는 안과의사와 유사한 수준의 전문성 함양이 요구되 며, 소비자가 요구하는 안경사의 전문성을 확보하고, 미래지향적인 발전 방안을 마련해야 할 중요한 시기로 판단 된다

The purpose of this study is to develop Korean clothing designs that can satisfy future consumer’s needs based on the elements extracted through the content analysis method in a study on the design elements expressed in traditional outfits in the 2010s. To this end, data analyzing Hanbok in wedding magazines were used, and after extracting design elements, research methods for empirical design development were used. After subclassifying the major design elements, factors with a steady increase in frequency and appearance rate were identified. Through this, five elements capable of aesthetic sampling were extracted by complex expression methods and expressed in a total of seven combinations. The types extracted from the design elements are items, silhouette, top shape, skirt shape, skirt length, mixed items with increasing frequency. In the element of color, the adjacent color harmony, which showed the highest frequency of color, and the white-blue harmony, which showed an increase among them, were extracted. When using materials, top and skirt have similar usage rates of the same and different materials, so both contents were extracted, and many patterns were arranged in the top and the whole, but these three were extracted because there were increasing cases where there were no patterns. In the case of decoration, embroidery, pintuck, sakdong, applique, lace, ribbon on the top, silver foil and print on the skirt were extracted. Through this study, it was possible to propose a future Korean costume design model.

목적 : 타각적 굴절검사에 대한 옵토메트리(Optometry) 관련 직종의 업무 현황을 파악하였으며, 국내 안경사를 대상으로 인식을 조사하여, 향후 업무 범위 확대를 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 방법 : 해외 및 국내 옵토메트리 관련 직종의 타각적 굴절검사에 대한 자료를 수집·분석하였으며, 총 1,989명 의 안경사를 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 인식을 조사하였다. 결과 : 타각적 굴절검사는 옵토메트리 관련 직종의 업무 수행의 근간이며 대한민국을 제외하고 거의 모든 국가 에서 자동굴절계 이외 타각적 굴절검사 기기 사용을 허용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 옵토메트리 관련 직종이 사 용하는 타각적 굴절검사 기기에 대한 의료기기 등급은 거의 모든 국가에서 위해성이 없거나 낮은 등급으로 구분되 고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 타각적 굴절검사 기기에 사용에 대한 국내 안경사의 인식은 나이, 학력, 경력과는 무 관하였으며, 대부분 수행할 수 있어야 한다고 생각하였고, 법적으로 허용된다면 사용할 의사가 충분한 것으로 확 인되었다. 결론 : 타각적 굴절검사에 대한 국내 안경사 사용의 명확한 타당성을 마련하기 위해서는 안경사 스스로 해외 옵토메트리 인력과 비교하였을 때 부족하지 않는 수준의 임상 실무 능력을 함양할 필요가 있으며, 효과적 전략 확 보를 위한 자구적 노력이 필요한 시점으로 판단된다.