Because Scotinophara lurida has the habit of living under the rice plant, an introduction of a method for efficient control when spraying eco-friendly organic materials is needed. In this study, we investigated the density of S. lurida in drained- and irrigated-paddy field after spraying an organic material containing garlic bulb extracts, which has high insecticidal activity in S. lurida in direct spraying test in glass tube. As a result, an irrigated rice paddy showed a control effect of 66.4% after 3 days of spraying and 86.2% after 7 days, while a drained rice paddy showed a control effect of 33.9% after spraying and 61.9% after 7 days. These results suggest that effective control can be achieved in irrigated rice fields if organic farming materials are evenly sprayed and reach to the body of S. lurida. It is remained to study how irrigated water do contribute to increase the insecticidal effect in the future.

Scotinophara lurida is one of major sap-sucking pests in an organic rice farming paddy fields in Korea. Several Poaceae grasses (e.g, rice, barley etc) have been known as a host plant. To find out a true host plant of S. lurida, the developmental characteristics such as weight gain and developmental duration were checked on total eight grasses species including rice and corn. In the results, weight of the fifth nymphal stage was the highest value in the barnyard millet and rice plant. In addition, nymphal duration was the shortest value in the barnyard millet and rice plant. But, in corn and common millet plant, S. lurida nymphs could not complete the development to the adult stage. These results suggest that six Poaceae grasses including rice and barnyard millet out of eight test grasses are close related to true host plants of S. lurida.

The safe, efficient and cost-effective decommissioning and dismantling of radioactive facilities requires the accurate characterization of the radionuclide activities and dose rate environment. And it is critical across many nuclear industries to identify and locate sources of radiation accurately and quickly. One of the more challenging aspects of dealing with radiation is that you cannot see it directly, which can result in potential exposure when working in those environments. Generally, semiconductor detectors have better energy resolution than scintillation detectors, but the maximum achievable count rates are limited by long pulse signals. Whereas some high pure germanium detectors have been developed to operate at high count rates, and these HPGe detectors could obtain gamma-ray spectra at high count rates exceeding 1 Mcps. However, HPGe detectors require cooling devices to reduce the leak currents, which becomes disadvantageous when developing portable radiation detectors. Furthermore, chemicalcompound semiconductor detectors made of cadmium telluride and cadmium zinc telluride are popular, because they have good energy resolution and are available at room temperature. However, CdTe and CZT detectors develop irradiation-induced defects under intense gamma-ray fields. In this Review, we start with the fundamentals of gamma rays detection and review the recent developments in scintillators gamma-ray detectors. The key factors affecting the detector performance are summarized. We also give an outlook on the field, with emphasis on the challenges to be overcome.

Bulbophyllum auricomum Lindl. is a rare orchid and has flowers with an attractive fragrance. The present study investigated the tissue culture method for micropropagation. Capsules derived from artificial self-pollination were obtained for the best seed germination in MS basal medium. Plant growth regulators (1.0 mg·L-1 of BAP and 2.0 mg·L-1 of NAA) were affected by callus induction from subcultured pseudobulb explants. For the callus subculture, different natural plant extracts were tested in 11 treatment media. Among them, MS medium with 150 mL·L-1 of coconut water was generally effective in fresh weight (1.75 ± 0.08) and (3.01 ± 0.20) of callus proliferation and PLBs induction at 1 and 2 months, respectively, followed by an MS combination of 30 g·L-1 of banana and 20 g·L-1 of potato extract. The results of a comparative study of different MS mediums containing plant growth regulators with a natural extract combination and MS medium supplemented with natural extract only showed that MS medium supplemented with a combination of natural extracts (150 mL·L-1 of coconut water) and plant growth regulators (2.0 mg·L-1 of BAP and 1.0 mg·L-1 of NAA) obtained the highest shoot regeneration (3.37 ± 0.17) and (6.41 ± 0.68) after 1 month and 2 months of culturing, respectively.

For the studying of effects of matrine and azadirachtine against Aphidius colemani, it was conducted to test the toxic effect of ecofriendly materials. Matrine and azadirachtine are active ingredient of the most commonly used eco-friendly insecticidal materials against insect pests. The effects of materials are investigated by spraying solution to mummies and adults in laborartory condition (Temp: 25℃; 16L:8D; RH: 50-60%). Each materials was diluted and treated with 5 concentrations, 10 wasps for each replications and 3 replications for each concentration. Fitness of A. colemani was assessed by measuring survival rate, emergence rate, longevity and fecundity. Wasps adults were used for experiments within 48 hours after their hatching. Emergence rates were checked for 12 days after spray to mummies of A. colemani, and survival rates were checked at 24 and 48 hours after vial test for adult parasitoids with 10% sugar solution. Adult wasps were exposed to dry residue of material for 24 hours. Longevity was monitored every 12 hours and fecundity was measured by the number of mummies produced by A. colemani adults.

1분 간격 자동 잎면적 분석을 통해 온도에 따른 담배거세미나방 유충의 섭식과 발육을 조사하였다. 20, 25, 30℃의 세 온도에서 피망 잎을 배지에 부착하여 담배거세미나방 유충에 제공하였고 하루에 한번내지 두번 새로운 잎을 갈아주었다. 30℃에서 담배거세미나방 유충은 탈피 직후 섭식을 즉시 시작하여 1회 섭식은 10~15분 지속하고, 60~90분 간격으로 섭식을 하였다. 이러한 섭식 행동은 약 30~50시간 지속되며 탈피 직전 10~16시간 동안은 섭식이 중단되었다. 탈피 후 앞서의 섭식 패턴은 다음 영기에서 동일하게 반복되었다. 25℃에서 담배거세미나방 유충의 영기 내 섭식 기간은 약 32~53시간 지속되며 탈피 전 비섭식 기간은 16~22시간 지속되었다. 20℃에서는 영기 내섭식 기간은 60~133시간으로 크게 증가하고 비섭식 기간도 11~38시간으로 다른 온도에 비해 길어졌으며 다른 온도와 달리 7령충까지 발육하였다. 2령충에서 고치 형성 전까지의 발육 시간은 20℃에서는 39046분(27.1일)이 소요되었고 25℃에서는 17626분(12.2일), 30℃에서는 14168분(9.8일)으로 조사되었다. 각 온도별 유충의 섭식량은 영기에 따라 지수적으로 증가하였다.

The original focus of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of lumbar rotational mobilization on the one-legged standing ability. Fifteen subjects (6 men and 9 women, mean age = 22.77 (SD = 1.21), mean height = 165.46cm (SD = 11.65), mean weight = 61.46kg (SD = 8.29) volunteers from healthy individuals were recruited and randomized to a lumbar rotational mobilization (LRM) group and a trunk rotational exercise (TRE) group. Mobilization (grade 3 or 4) was applied to the LRM group on the lumbar spine (L1 to L5) in a side-lying, and trunk twist exercise (left and right side) was applied the to the TRE group with lunge position. Center of pressure (COP) and the velocity of the center of pressure (VCOP) of each participant were measured as a balance ability through one leg standing position. Results are as follows. In within-group difference, the COP of the LRM group reduced during standing with the right foot, but the VCOP change of the LRM was not statistically significant. In between-groups difference, COP of TRE group was decreased compared with LRM group only during left leg standing in the eyes (p <.05). The results of this study suggest that LRM is more effective than TRE in improving balance ability.

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), can feed on more than 70 species of insects including immature stages of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. P. maculiventris is native to North America and there was an attempt and failure to import P. maculiventris to South Korea in 1970s. Recently, P. maculiventris was successfully re-introduced to South Korea and is being contained and reared in a quarantined facility at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, South Korea. In this presentation, we will introduce this new biological control agent targeting major lepidopteran and coleopteran pests in agriculture and forest. In addition, current research on mass rearing and aerial release of P. maculiventris using drones will be presented.

Red meats are important animal foods because of their nutritional aspects, but the over-consumption of red meat produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by heme iron and induces colorectal cancer. The effect of orally administered hemin and calcium provided in drinking water for 6 weeks on colon carcinogenesis was observed in male ICR mice. After the mice were acclimated for 1 week, they received three subcutaneous azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg/kg b.w.) injections weekly and were provided with 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) via drinking water for the next week. The mice were divided into three groups: the control, hemin, and hemin + calcium groups. The orally administered daily dose of hemin was 2 g/kg b.w., and 0.05% calcium was provided daily via drinking water. Colonic mucosa samples were stained with methylene blue, and then, the numbers of aberrant crypt (AC) and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were counted. Lipid peroxidation in feces was estimated by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay. The total numbers of AC and ACF per colon in the hemin group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Calcium treatment significantly decreased the numbers of ACF and AC in the colon of mice. The TBARS value in the feces of the hemin + calcium group was significantly lower than that in the feces of the hemin group. These results showed that hemin enhances the formation of pre-neoplastic lesions in the colon of mice and that calcium decreases the risk of colon carcinogenesis.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of communitybased rehabilitation (CBR) program on activities of daily livings (ADLs), quality of life and assistive technology satisfaction for disabled adults in South Korea. Fourteen community-dwelling subjects were participated in a home-based rehabilitation program which performed once a month for 2 months. The outcome measures included Modified Barthel Index (MBI) for assessing ADLs, EuroQol five-dimensions questionnaire (EQ- 5D) for quality of life (QoL) and Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology 2.0 (QUEST 2.0) for assistive technology. Significant improvements in ADLs, quality of life and assistive technology satisfaction were observed after the program. This study indicated that community-based rehabilitation program is an effective method for improving ADLs, quality of life and assistive technology satisfaction for adults with disabilities.

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive insect pest from Eastern Asia. Since its invasion into North America during the late 1990s, frequent outbreaks of BMSB have caused considerable economic damage to orchards, field crops, and vegetables. Currently, management practices in the United States rely on insecticides to control BMSB. Therefore, identification of potential natural enemies of BMSB is crucial to justify integrated pest management (IPM). We investigated the viability of using the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), as a potential biological control agent for BMSB. In this study, we used choice and non-choice tests to determine which life stages of the spined soldier bug can effectively kill specific stages of BMSB using videography. Prey searching and feeding behavior of the spined soldier bug and defensive behavior of BMSB were analyzed. Our study showed that BMSB eggs and nymphs attacked by the spined soldier bug had a mortality rate of 100%. We also observed that all first instar BMSB remained on the egg cluster allowing the spined soldier bug to attack and kill many BMSB during one feeding session. The results indicate that the spined soldier bug has the potential for killing BMSB

Moving sport tourism refers to travel that combines sport activity and tours to a particular destination. Although moving sport tourism is one of the fastest growing segments of the sport tourism industry, it is still lack of relatedknowledge and academic studies. Hence, this study is conducted to explore the characteristics of moving sport tourism and to provide implications for sport tourism industry and future research. For this, ten participants who regularly participated in bicycle tours for the last 10 years were recruited for this study. The sample consisted of 9 males and 1 female. The average age of the participants was 44.6 years of which all but 2 had a full-time job. The average period of participating in bicycle tour was 7.9 years. For analysing data, content analysis approach was used. Interviews were tape recoded and data were multiple reviewed to identify the similar themes and to categorize them into conceptual constructs. Results suggest two requirements of moving sport tourism(moving and concurrent), three characteristics of moving sport tourism(self-directed, exploring, non-linear, purposive-riding, partial competitive, cultural touring) and two categories of moving sport tourism(full moving sport tourism and partial moving sport tourism). Implications for sport tourism industry and future studies were discussed.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is the precocious germination condition of grains while the spike is still in the mother plant. Because PHS in wheat drastically reduced the quality and economic value of wheat grain, the improving PHS wheat is one of the most important breeding goal in Korean wheat breeding program In this study, we evaluated PHS and germination index (GI) in 33 Korean wheat cultivars, and performed transcriptome analysis between Keumkang (susceptible) and Woori (tolerance). A total of 33 Korean wheat cultivars were used for PHS (28 cultivars) and GI assessment in greenhouse. The DAF (Day After Fertilization) 35 of keumkang and Woori spikes were harvested to perform transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing. Each transcriptome was compared with PHS or ABA treated DAF 35 Keumkang and Woori spikes. The PHS in 28 Korean cultivars and GI in 33 cultivars were ranged from 1.33% to 87.44% and from 0.01% to 2.41%, respectively. Woori was demonstrated the second lowest PHS and the lowest GI, however, Keumkang was 23th of 28 cultivars in PHS and 13th of 33 cultivars in GI analysis. Six cDNA library from the DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori wheat grain, PHS treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori, and ABA treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori were constructed and sequenced. A total of 53.37 Gb of high-quality reads were obtained using HiSeq 2500. The average mapping rate of assembled transcripts were 88.98%. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) revealed total 332 DEG (105 annotated) were upregulated in DAF 35 Woori library, total 5694 DEG (4623 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library in comparison with DAF 35 Keumkang library. A total of 86 DEG (51 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Woori library in comparison with PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library. The Gene ontology and further analysis will be discussed.