Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is an eco-friendly new extraction technology because it does not contain harmful organic solvent and has high extraction efficiency in a short time compared with conventional extraction methods. Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) are widely known as superfood due to rich source of anthocyanin (malvidin-3-o-galgctoside) and antioxidant activity. In this study, optimal extraction condition of SWE from blueberries was determined and compared with the conventional extraction methods. SWE was carried out using a Dionex Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE, Model 350) under conditions of temperatures (110, 130, 150 and 170°C) and times (1, 3, 5 and 10 min). Total anthocyanin of SWE extracts was compared with hot water (60°C, 1 h) extract and pressed juice extract. The total anthocyanin content was determined by pH differential method. Considering both the extraction time and temperature conditions, the highest content of total anthocyanin content was 0.455 mg/g FW Vaccinium corymbosum at 130°C for 3 min. At high temperature and long extraction time, the anthocyanin in the blueberries will undergo thermal degradation due to low stability of anthocyanin at extreme condition. Besides, maximum yield of anthocyanin from blueberries using SWE was about 1.2 and 3.8 times more higher than hot water extract and pressed juice extract, respectively. Therefore, SWE is faster and more efficient method to extract anthocyanin from blueberries than conventional extraction methods. This study shows a possibility of SWE applied to food processing industry.

Oats (Avena satica L.) are an important source of dietary fiber mainly composed of β-glucans, which is reported to be effective in lowering of cholesterol and decreasing the risk of heart attack. Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is a new and promising method for the extraction of β-glucan due to its polarity-selectivity, efficiency of recovery, time-efficiency, and lower cost. In this study, efficiencies of the SWE were investigated for the extraction of β-glucan from oat flour. The conditions for maximizing the extraction efficiency were determined by varying temperature (110-190°C), pH of solvent (pH 3.0-10.6), static time (5-20 min) and particle size of oat flour. The amount of β-glucan was determined with a ‘Mixed-linkage β-glucan’ assay kit (Megazyme International Ltd.), according to McCleary and Codd (1991). The overall results showed that the concentration of β-glucan was highest under the following conditions: extraction temperature of 200°C, pH value of 4.0, static time of 10 min, and particle size of 425-850 μm. The extraction yield under the optimum condition was 6.98±1.17 g/100 g oat flour, which was over two-fold higher than that obtained using hot water extraction method (60°C, 3 h). Therefore, SWE is a feasible alternative for extracting soluble dietary fiber (β-glucan) from oat flour.

Because of many benefits from raw seed sprouts, consumers have consumed them largely. However, despite of many benefits, raw sprouts has been implicated in food-borne diseases. The source of food-borne disease related to raw seed sprouts is thought to originate from seeds contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. So, Intense Pulsed Light (IPL), a non-thermal processing method, is an effective device for seeds to maintain microbial safety without loss of seed viability. The objective of this research was to determine the effects on microbial inactivation and quality in radish and wheat seed by IPL treatment and to figure out the correlation between inactivation of seeds and surface roughness value (Ra). At 5th day of germination, the average germination rate and shoot length of radish sprouts by IPL at total fluences of 121 J/cm2 were 95% and 5.8 cm. It was not significant compared to the control group. And log reductions of radish and wheat seeds by IPL showed 1.0 and 1.2, respectively. The results showed radish seeds have higher tolerance to IPL treatment than wheat seed. Also, radish seed had the rougher surface (Ra=2.85 μm) than wheat seed (Ra=0.55 μm). Therefore, IPL can decontaminate microbial population on seeds, but the effectiveness of IPL is dependent on the surface morphology of seeds.

The detoxification enzymes activities were investigated to Tetranychus urticae Koch using five acaricide-resistant strains. Activities of detoxification enzymes which are glutathione S-transferase (GST), general esterases (α-naphthyl acetate and β-naphthyl acetate), and cytochrome C oxidase were determined to each resistant strain mite. Acequinocyl-resistant strain and bifenazate-resistant strain of T. urticae were showed 2.1 folds and 1.6 folds higher relative activity (RA) level of GST than susceptible strain. Other three resistant strain mites were not significant different to susceptible strain mite. General esterases and cytochrome C oxidase were not significant to all the strain of T. urticae. Acaricidal activities of acequinocylresistant strain and bifenazate-resistant strain of T. urticae showed cross-resistant both acequinocyl and bifenazate. However, other strain mites were showed susceptible acaricidal activities to two acaricides. In this result suggests that resistance of two acaricides (acequinocyl and bifenazate) might be influenced by glutathione S-tansferase activity.

This study was examined for activity of aggregation pheromone trap with residual effect of insecticides against Riptortus pedestris. Time of escape was from aggregation pheromone trap researched 49.74 min (ET99) and 65.01 min (ET99) with 1st and 2nd instar nymph respectively. Six insecticides for the stink bugs were treated to 3 different materials (wood, metal, and plastic). Bifenthrin and fenitrothion were showed 100% insecticidal activity at 48 h to all developmental stage of R. pedestris. Residual effect of bifenthrin and fenitrothion on plastic material were showed 100% insecticidal activity over 15 day after treatment with 1st, 3rd instar nymphs, and adults except 5th instars nymph. In field test using plastic material trap with two pesticides, 1st instar nymphs and adults were showed 100% mortality until 10 day after treatment. These results indicate that R. pedestris might be managed using aggregation pheromone trap with insecticides.

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover is an important sap-sucking pest of many pant, including cucumber and pepper. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of two insecticides (imidacloprid and flonicamid) and the action mechanisms on the feeding behavior of A. gossypii. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of imidacloprid and flonicamid for adult A. gossypii were 2.01 and 1.92 ppm, respectively. The sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid were 0.22 ppm (LC10) and 0.82 ppm (LC30), and those of flonicamid were 0.094 ppm (LC10) and 0.56 ppm (LC30). The developmental period of A. gossypii nymphs at LC30 was 3.6 days for both insecticide which shorter than controls (4.2 days). Adult longevities at LC10 and LC30 of imidacloprid were 15.2 and 13.6 days, respectively. Adult longevity at LC10 and LC30 of flonicamid was 11.1 and 9.9 days, respectively. Control adult longevity was 15.5 days. Total fecundity was decreased at both sublethal concentration of two insecticides. Feeding behavior analysis using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal doses of imidacloprid and flonicamid had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion. However, higher doses of flonicamid induced starvation by inhibition of phloem ingestion and higher doses of imidacloprid induced contact toxicity rather than inhibition of feeding behavior.