탄자니아(United Republic of Tanzania)의 연방인 잔지바르의 옥수수 종자보급 개선을 목적으로 자유방임품종4종 (Tuxpeno-1,Staha, Situka, TMV-1)을 탄자니아 본토로부터 2006년도에 도입하여 키짐바니 농업연구소에서 적응시험을 수행하였다. Tuxpeno-1이 3.9 t ha-1로써 네 품종 중 수량이 가장 높았으며, Staha는 3.8 t ha-1, Situka는 3.0 t ha-1, 그리고 TMV-1은 2.0 t ha-1의 수량을 보였다. 이는 각 품종들의 잠재수량성(potential yield)과 비교하여 77%, 72%,67%, 그리고 47% 정도의 수량이다. 수량 차이가 많이 나는 이유로는 양분의 부족이 가장 큰 원인으로 판단된다. 잔지바르의 환경에서 생육이 부진한 TMV-1과 병해충 저항성이 약했던 Situka품종은 보급 품종에서 제외되었다. 키짐바니 농업연구소에서는 본시험 이후 Tuxpeno-1와 Staha 품종의 종자를 생산하여 농가에 보급하고 있다.

Exserohilum turcicum is considered serious destructive disease of maize (Zea mays L.) in North Korea. This study aimed to understand genetic inheritance and combining ability of newly bred lines of maize tolerant to E. turcicum by diallel crosses. Three diallel sets for two different ecological regions and one agronomic trait; eastern (E), northern (N) and stay green (SG) involving 29 inbred lines were tested in eight locations of 2000 and 2001. E. turcicum infections were under natural conditions, respectively. Lines used were selected for high yield potential in test crosses with good agronomic traits and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Selection for race specific high resistance to biotic stresses was avoided to select quantitatively inherited genes. Host plant responses to E. turcicum were rated on a scale of 1 (highly tolerant) to 9 (highly susceptible). Highly significant variations were recorded in all trials. General combining ability (GCA) mean square was roughly twice that of specific combining ability (SCA). The genotype (G) by environment (E) interaction was highly significant. The overall results of genetic studies in three diallel sets show that genetic control for inbred tolerance to E. turcicum is polygenic and quantitatively inherited. New inbreds; E-3, N-1 and SG-4 confer better tolerance to E. turcicum than the widely used inbreds; Mo17, and B73. Proper use of genetic information from this study shall increase of corn production under high E. turcicum infection in the Far Eastern Regions of Korea and China.

Northern corn leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum Pass is considered the most important disease infecting corn (Zea mays L.) in the Peoples' Republic of Korea (North Korea). It contributes to the food shortage in North Korea. The objectives of the current research were to study resistance expression and responses of corn crosses made between ten hybrids from North Korea and inbreeding lines (S3-4 stage) from the Republic of Korea (South Korea). The experiments were conducted in six trials with a total of 184 crosses including two commercial hybrids in each trial. The trials were conducted at two locations in North Korea (Mirim and Eunsan) and one location in South Korea (Gunwi) under natural infestation of E. turcicum. Host plant responses were rated on a scale of 1 (highly tolerant) to 9 (highly susceptible). A total of 111 crosses (62.4%) showed significant tolerant or susceptible response variations among three locations; 42 crosses (22.8%) at two locations and 69 crosses (39.0%) at one location, respectively. At least 8 crosses of high level of tolerance and 12 crosses of high level of susceptibility showed significantly different biotic responses (P = 0.05). The results of the current study and historical reviews of E. turcicum epidemics in both North and South Korea suggest that breeding of tolerance with quantitatively inherited genes should be carried out for a sustainable corn production in North Korea.

Maize (Zea mays.L) is the third important crop after wheat and rice in Afghanistan. The productivity is low 2.14 ton/ha due to lack of diversity and well-adapted varieties. 65% of maize production is used as feed and 17.5% as food. Afghanistan is facing seriously malnutrition and poverty, therefore more maize is required to recover food security. Popcorn is also important snack food in Afghanistan, but it is luck of breeding donors. The main objective of this work is to evaluate and identify the introduced hybrids of Korean germplams. International Corn Foundation (ICF), Kyungpook National University (KNU) and Institute of Asian Culture and Development (IACD) collaboratively planted three different types of maize (Silage1, KNU waxy1, Popcorn) in two locations (Isharak and Sherabad) in Mazar-i-sharif. All hybrids have shown good performances and can easily be adapted in Afghanistan climate. Among them KNU waxy1 was the most attractive which has been planted first time. Farmers showed highly interest on new taste and they were so enthusiasm to replant. Maize breeding laboratory at KNU is developing new popcorn cultivar for commercial use in Korea that has shown outstanding result in Afghanistan climate. This experiment described that introducing of new maize hybrids especially KNU waxy1 and popcorn can have great potential to fill up food demand in Afghanistan.

Corn (Zea Mays L.), the third cereal crop in the world, is not known well in Mongolia. The corn research program was started in 2004 with collaboration of International Corn Foundation (ICF), International Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) of KNU, Mongolian Academy of Science (MAS), Mongolian University of Agriculture (MUA) and Mongolia International University (MIU) in Ulaanbaatar. Since that time approximately 2000 genotypes were planted. Within 6 years of research we have succeeded in forming Mongolian corn population (MCP). In 2009, some promising segregating parental line crosses and inbreds were selected at Plant Science and Agriculture Research Training Institute (PSARTI) in Darkhan, 250 km toward the North from the capital city, and in greenhouse of Kunwi, Korea for further breeding. To develop corn hybrids we selected lines based on yield potential, cold tolerance and early maturity. Early plantings in the mid of May as well as tolerance to cold would permit longer growing cycle for higher yield. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed highly significance within lines, which means we can easily select cold tolerance and early maturing lines and breeding materials for further breeding program. Due to lack of plant proteins and Vitamin A deficiency, health of Mongolians has been affected. We consider corn can be a solution to reducing pasture and soil erosion. Breeding and cultivation of locally adapted stress tolerant stable corn hybrids may boost livestock industry and improve people’s health for Mongolians.

Downy mildew (DM) caused by the fungus Peronosclerospora sorghi is one of the most serious diseases reducing maize (Zea mays L.) production in East Timor. We have conducted three trials of DM resistant (R) and non-DMR source populations in three locations; Loes, Dili and Lospalos. Materials were developed by using DMR-ESR-Y and MO5-5-RUVT-EE (TZEE-Y) (IITA) and Suwan 5 (Thailand). Three sets of random mating, incomplete diallel crosses and parent populations were planted with three replications in one meter row with RCBD. Data assessment of DM infection was rated based on 1 – 9 rating score (1 = highly tolerant and 9 = highly susceptible) from 2 and 4 weeks before flowering. In Comoro, Dili, 32 genotypes exhibited very low DM infection with coefficient of variance and mean 17.2% and 3.9, respectively. BISI-2 (Indonesian hybrid) and TH2 (Timor Hybrid 2 crossed from two DMR OPVs, Indonesian Arjuna and Suwan 5) showed outstanding commercial value (CV). Twelve cultivars of MO5 were varied in CV. At Loes Research Station, genotypes showed high variation in DM infection. Average heterotic effect of 36 F1 crosses for DM tolerance was 29.5%. Mean parent value and F1 indicated negative correlation for DM infection. The result showed that to breed high resistance is difficult. However, breeding for host tolerance with polygenic system with a threshold nature is possible.

Corn (Zea mays.L) is the second leading cereal in Myanmar and an important commodity in earning farmers’ income and foreign currencies. To increase productivity, development of locally adapted better hybrid is strongly needed. For upgrading the hybrid corn research and development program, Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) invited the International Corn Foundation (ICF)/Kyungpook National University (KNU) in 2005. Under this collaborative program, research on genetic potential of exotic germplasm introduced from Nepal, Hawaii, Korea, China and IITA has been carried out in 2009 rainy season. Yield trials of 108 and 80 combinations of Myanmar lines and exotic germplasm (Normal × Normal crosses, Normal × Super-sweet) were carried out in Tatkone, Yezin (central zone), Nyaung Mon (north zone), Aung Ban (highland zone) research stations, respectively. These experimental crosses are produced in Korea and Cambodia, 2008. Two to five outstanding hybrids have been selected for three respective zones. Selected hybrids yielded 50-100% more than the best commercial hybrid, CP888 imported from Thailand.The hybrids are tolerant to Rhizoctonia blight in the Tatkone, Exserohilum turcicum blight in Aung Ban, and E. turcicum and stem borers in the Nyaung Mon. A couple of normal super-sweet corn hybrids were selected for nutrition, sugar and vitamin A+. These results point out that introgression of exotic alleles has a potential to increase the heterotic response in yield and biotic resistance. Thus, an understanding of the heterotic relationship between adapted and exotic is needed to exploit exotic germplasm intelligently.

Corn (Zea mays L.) is the second most important cereal crop after rice in Indonesia with the cultivation on four million ha. Production of corn in Indonesia has increased in due to high demand for livestock feed, food and industrial uses. Downy mildew (DM) caused by Perenosclospora sorghi is considered NO. 1 biotic constraint of corn production in the country. The Government of Aceh Province invited the International Corn Foundation (ICF) in Seoul, 2007 to breed locally adapted corn cultivars. The first approach was to introduce ICF corn breeding populations from East-Timor, Cambodia, Vietnam, IITA and CIMMYT. Among the introduced materials from East Timor, we found an outstanding open-pollinated (OP) population, "NAI" with high yield potential and tolerance to DM, Southern corn leaf blight caused by Bipolaris maydis and Southern rust caused by Puccinia polysora. The origin of this popution was formed from crosses between Arjuna (Indonesia) and Suwan 5 (Thailand). After three cycles of half sib selection at the Saree Farm in Aceh, a new name, "Jagung Aceh" was given. Jagung means corn in Aceh dialect. The historical Tsunami hit Aceh Province in Dec. 24, 2004 and caused to lost life of 280,000 peoples. Food security has been serious. We hope "Jagung Aceh" shall increase food, feed and indurial uses of corn and will help for economic development. Seeds of Jagung Aceh has been promoted not only in the entire regions of Aceh Province but also for West Kalimantan Province for its outstanding performance under endemic areas of DM.

is the second largest corn production country in the world followed by USA. However, the corn production technology in China is around 60% that of USA. A new seed company, "Gongjuliang Dr.Corn Seed Company" established in 2008 formed a new population for the ecological zone of North East China and Korea Peninsular using 250 popular hybrids market in China. The first random mating was made in North Shenyang, Lyaoliang Province in 2008. The second random mating was made Sanya, Hainan Province during the winter season. The third random mating was made in North Shenyang, Gongjuling in China and Gunwi in South Korea. The fourth random mating was made in Sanya during the winter season of 2009/2010. From this North East Population (NEP), we will breed new corn inbred lines for high combining ability, and tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses with non-GMO trait.

We studied on the diallel cross analysis of three different types of corn(Zea mays L.); supersweet(ss), sticky waxy and normal field corn in Korea and China. Four inbred lines each of three different types were crossed in a full diallel. Testing of 66 F1 crosses were made at two locations in Korea and China, respectively, in 2009. The objectives of the experiment was first to study different levels of heterosis among three types. In Korea, average ear length of 16 F1 crosses was the longest in N x wx (197mm), followed by wx x ss (193mm) and N x ss (191mm). Average of ss, wx and N were 135mm, 171 mm and 155mm. The relatively high level of N might be location specific breeding results, where the testing was done at the center of waxy corn breeding. Trends of three F1 crosses in China were similar with normal and supersweet corn. The result of this study has supported for breeding of high quality sticky-supersweet and high yield potential of normal -supersweet corn hybrids in the developing world to provide nutrition, sugar and other minerals such as Vitamin A and anthocyanin, simultaneously as a high quality food.

Downy mildew (DM) caused by the Peronosclerospora maydis is considered the most damaging disease of maize (Zea mays L.) in South Asia. In East-Timor, it has been widely spread and considered as the major stress of maize production. It was observed at Loes Research Station and farmers’ field since 2004. All materials exhibited high susceptibility to DM infection at the CIMMYT trial. Only Suwan5 (Thailand), LYDMR (CIMMYT) and Arjuna (Indonesia) showed tolerance. Different trials with 900 crosses were tested at 5 locations; Lospalos, Dili, Comoro, Aileu and Loes in 2006/2007 In 2008, high DM infection was observed at Loes. Crosses of Suwan5, NAI, Arjuna and DMR-ESR-Y (IITA)with tropical and temperate germplasm showed tolerance. The International Corn Foundation (ICF)/KNU team with the Ministry of Agriculture have run breeding research three cycles yearly. By 2007, the joint team developed an open-pollinated variety (OPV) with combined tolerance to DM and drought. The Ministry named it "NAI", means "honorable" in national language. Hybrid breeding for both DM and drought are being developed.

Corn (Zea mays. L) is one of the potential export crops of Myanmar. It is crucial to develop locally adapted high yielding hybrids to dramatically increase production. International Corn Foundation/Kyungpook National University (ICF/KNU) and Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) have developed a collaborative research to develop super hybrids. Under this program, 11 preliminary test cross trials including 538 crosses were tested in AungBan and NyaungMon (mid altitude) and Tatkone (lowland) Myanmar, and ICF Agric Center in Cambodia, 2008 rainy season. Test cross seeds were produced in Cambodia and Myanmar during 2007 winter season. Germplasms from Nepal, Myanmar, IITA, and CIMMYT were used. Simple estimates of commercial value score (1= best, 9= poorest) with yield potential, good agronomic traits and disease tolerance were rated. The analysis of variance for each trial showed highly significant among test crosses and better performance than local check hybrids. VN3 x SSA showed the highly tolerance to Northern Corn Leaf Blight in sticky corn trial. The outstanding performance was recognized in Nepal materials crossed with IITA materials. It is point out that overseas aids collaborative breeding and training of young staff are effective parts of Myanmar hybrid corn R&D program.

The historical Tsunami hit Banda Aceh on 24 December, 2004 that killed 280,000 people. The incidence was the center of the world concern. In November of 2007, the governorment of Aceh Province invited the senior author as the President of ICF to initiate corn breeding program for Aceh environments. Germplasm from East Timor, Cambodia, Thailand, and IITA-Nigeria were used to develop locally adapted open-pollinated varieties (OPV). An OPV, "NAI" bred for East Timor using materials from Indonesia and Thailand was selected. The team planted seeds of nine commercial hybrids marketed in Indonesia and Thailand five times with two weeks interval. Through the half-sib improvement of NAI, new name "Jagung Aceh" was given. Jagung means corn in Aceh language. Inbreeding of the selected OPVs and commercial hybrids are intensively carried out with three cycles yearly. Both Jagung Aceh and selected elite hybrids have been used as testers for high combining ability as well as disease and insect tolerance. Major constraints of corn cultivation are Puccinia polysora rust, Exserohilum turcicum blight, downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis), ear rots, stem borers, and drought. Storage weevil is the major post harvest problem.

Super-sweet corn controlled by shrunken2 (sh2) was first introduced into Korea three decade ago, but its cultivation and uses have not been popularized. Main reasons of the un-popularity are considered as lack of locally bred adapted cultivars, low germination, too sweet and less chewing of the green ears. Considering traditional and favorable eating habits of glutinous waxy corn by Koreans, we initiated to develop a double mutant wx/sh corn that has 3:1 segregation in an ear from 1996. First we formed several double cross hybrids using commercial single crosses of wx and sh2 hybrid considering seed production difficulties. The results showed that a double mutant corn hybrid showed high germination, and high palatability score with tolerance to major diseases and insects in Korea. In 2008, we conducted single and double cross trials in Gokseong, South Jeolla-do. The yield of waxy-super sweet was higher than both waxy and super sweet corn with good agronomic traits of ear height, ear weight, ear length and plant height. Among waxy-super sweet corn single cross was even better than double cross in all parameters. This double mutant approach shall be an outstanding option to change of traditional food habits into a new eating pattern. This attempt has potential success of commercial wx/sh hybrid corn development.

The common corn rust caused by Puccinia sorghi Schw. is widely distributed southern regions of temperate zones and sub-tropical regions world wide. It has been reduced corn yield significantly in Texas and Hawaii. The first author has observed incidence of this disease in Korea since ten years ago both in South (Kunwi, Ilsan, Pyungchang) and North Korea (Tongcheon). P. sorghi had very high infection in Jeju Island with over 2000 mm rainfall in 2008 on commercial hybrids from USA (DK 729, Pioneer 3394, P32P75) and Korea. All showed high susceptibility. Genetic tolerance could be the most economic way to control these fungi. The occurrence of this disease in Korea may be caused by environment changes. Pro-environment tolerance breeding with quantitatively inherited genes of host crop can guarantee for the durability and sustainability of crop cultivars under continuous changes of weather and environments.

In nature, plant diseases, insects and parasites (hereafter called as "pest") must be co-survived. The most common expression of co-survival of a host crop to the pest can be tolerance. With tolerance, chemical uses can be minimized and it protects environment and sustains host productivity and the minimum pest survival. Tolerance can be applicable in all living organisms including crop plants, lifestocks and even human beings. Tolerant system controls pest about 90 to 95% (this pest control system often be called as horizontal or partial resistance), while the use of chemicals or selection of high resistance controls pest 100% (the most expression of this control system is vertical resistance or true resistance). Controlling or eliminating the pests by either chemicals or vertical resistance create new problems in nature and destroy the co-survial balance of pest and host. Controlling pests through tolerance can only permit co-survive of pests and hosts. Tolerance is durable and environmentally-friend. Crop cultivars based on tolerance system are different from those developed by genetically modified organism (GMO) system. The former stabilizes genetic balance of a pest and a host crop in nature while the latter destabilizes the genetic balance due to 100% control. For three decades, the author has implemented the tolerance system in breeding maize cultivars against various pests in both tropical and temperate environments. Parasitic weed Striga species known as the greatest biological problem in agriculture has even been controlled through this system. The final effect of the tolerance can be an integrated genetic pest management (IGPM) without any chemical uses and it makes co-survival of pests in nature.in nature.