Honey bees are crucial pollinators for agricultural and natural ecosystems, but are experiencing heavy mortality in Korea due to a complex suite of factors. Extreme winter losses of honey bee colonies are a major threat to beekeeping but the combinations of factors underlying colony loss remain debatable. Finding solutions involves knowing the factors associated with high loss rates. To investigate whether loss rates are related to Varroa control and climate condition, we surveyed beekeepers in korea after wintering (2021–2022 to 2022–2023). The results show an average colony loss rate of 46%(2022) and 17%(2023), but over 40% colony loss before wintering at 2022. Beekeepers attempt to manage their honey bee colonies in ways that optimize colony health. Disentangling the impact of management from other variables affecting colony health is complicated by the diversity of practices used and difficulties handling typically complex and incomplete observational datasets. We propose a method to 1) Varroa mite population Control by several methods , and 2) Many nursing bee put in hive before wintering.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if main domestic vector mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus as a diurnal species and Culex pipiens as a nocturnal species, have correlation between reflecting luminous intensity of colors and preference for blood feeding activity. Laboratory evaluations were performed and the mosquito preferences were compared to three different color brightness such as light, primary, and dark for five fundamental color series including red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The test bodies selected for these experiments were BioGents Sentinel traps (BG traps) with 20g dry ice in each falcon tube, which covered outside of the traps attached with three different luminous intensities such as light, primary, and dark for each different color of paper sheets. In each experiment, a pair of BG traps was placed 0.6 m away from each other in a 1.8 m x 3.7 m x 1.8 m screened enclosure. The enclosure maintained at 26±2℃, 65±5% RH, and 100 lux illumination. Evaluations were performed for two hours between 10:00 and 16:00 for each 25 Ae. ablopictus females and 15 hours from 18:00 to 9:00 for each 25 Cx. pipiens females. Each experiment was replicated four times. As a result, reflecting luminous intensity (L-value) affected and correlated negatively to the preference of the two mosquito species but the fundamental colors, green-red (a-value) and blue-yellow (b-value) were not correlated significantly to the preference (p=0.05). Aedes ablopictus females were preferred for feeding activity more to lower L-values of the colors and correlated negatively between color preference of the mosquitoes and the L-values such as r = -0.584 (p=0.003) for red, r = -0.606 (p=0.002) for yellow, r = -0.620 (p=0.001) for green, and r = -0.463 (p=0.023) for blue except purple (r = -0.129; p=0.549). Similarly, Cx. pipiens females were correlated negatively such as r = -0.590 (p=0.002) for red, r = -0.564 (p=0.005) for yellow, r = -0.687 (p=0.000) for green, r = -0.623 (p=0.001) for blue, and r = -0.689 (p=0.000). In conclusion, the color brightness were negatively correlated to the feeding activity of the two vector mosquito species but not the wavelength of visible ray. Also, the mosquito females preferred significantly darker ones in the same color series (p<0.05) except purple for Ae. ablopictus females.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if main domestic vector mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus as a diurnal species and Culex pipiens as a nocturnal species, have color preference for blood feeding activity. Laboratory evaluations were performed and compared to assess color attractiveness using seven fundamental colors including black, white, red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The test bodies selected for these experiments were BioGents Sentinel traps (BG traps) with 20g dry ice in each falcon tube, which covered outside of the traps attached with each different color of vinyl sheets. In each experiment, a pair of BG traps was placed 0.6 m away from each other in a 1.8 m x 3.7 m x 1.8 m screened enclosure. The enclosure maintained at 26±2℃, 65±5% RH, and 100 lux illumination. Evaluations were performed for two hours between 10:00 and 16:00 for each 25 Ae. ablopictus females and 15 hours from 18:00 to 9:00 for each 25 Cx. pipiens females. The attraction rates were determined by a series of 42 simultaneous pairs of sample counts of the number of mosquitoes caught in the traps at every 30 minutes. As a result, black traps collected the largest number of Ae. albopictus as a mean 0.7 of 1.0 for Mosquito Preference Index (MPI), followed closely by red, blue, and purple (MPIs, 0.6) that were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of green (MPI, 0.5), white (MPI, 0.3), and yellow (MPI, 0.2). Similarly, the MPIs for Cx. pipiens were significantly higher at black and red traps (MPIs, 0.7) but the MPIs (0.3) at white and yellow traps were significantly lower than those of the other colors.

Four new species of the genus Alloclubionoides collected from mountain litter and hillock litter around the agricultural ecosystem of Korea are described in the present work with appropriate body measurements and morphological illustrations; A. hwaseongensis sp. nov., A. imi sp. nov., A. namhansanensis sp. nov. and A. nasuta sp. nov. Females of A. hwaseongensis sp. nov., A. namhansanensis sp. nov. and A. nasuta sp. nov. can be distinguished based on the epigyne shape and structure of internal genitalia from previously described species. Males of A. imi sp. nov. can also be distinguished based on the shapes of retrolateral tibial apophysis, embolus tip and conductor from previously described species. Also, a key to the Korean Alloclubionoides spiders is provided. Alloclubionoides gajiensis Seo, 2014 is newly synonymized with Alloclubionoides cochlea (Kim et al. 2007).

Grapholita molesta occur four times a year and Carposina sasakii occur twice a year, and both pests do damage on stone fruits such as peach, apple, plum, apricot, etc. Grapholita molesta is worldwide distributed in temperate and subtropical areas including South Korea. But, Carposina sasakii distributed in South Korea, Japan, China and Asia, and has been managed as an important import quarantine pest by the authorities of United States, Canada and Taiwan. Forecasting of both pests in Korea is currently done through the investigation of 1,000 fruits per 10 trees (100 fruits / tree) in designated peach orchard. However, this method is very difficult to observe the pest by bagging of peach and require too much time and labor. Therefore, we tried to carry out a new forecasting method by using of sex pheromone traps for newly standardized method as an alternative. Using sex pheromone trap, attractiveness of G. molesta was proved to be 2.5 > 1.5 > 0.5 m by the height and the border => outside > center by the position. Attractiveness of C. sasakii made no difference in height, but, more trapped at the center and border than outside in position at peach orchard.

Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa) is a grapevine pest and distributed worldwide. This study was conducted to identify grapevine damage related to density of C. vitis and to suggest an effective control time. The damaged flower buds displayed retarded growth and became dried up, and symptoms of damaged leaves such as malformed and bronzed leaves were observed. Flower cluster and leaves were collected and density of the grape rust mite were observed by using a washing and sieving method. The highest mean density (±SE) of C. vitis was found to be 672.6±112.9 per flower cluster with mid-level damage, and 450.1±66.5 per 2 leaves was found on the damaged leaves. These severe damage symptoms were observed in the early spring, and the density of the grape rust mite was significantly higher as 80 times in damaged vineyard than in the undamaged at the early growth stages of the grapevine. To determine the emergence time of the grape rust mite from lower part of a winter bud the ratio of density of C. vitis on upper-bud to lower-bud was observed. On 13 April 2015, 80% of the grape rust mites were observed on upper-bud where the mite could feed at the bud burst stage. Therefore, once the symptoms of damaged flower clusters and leaves are observed, acaricides should be sprayed before inflorescence emergence, and at the early growth stage between bud burst and leaf development in following year. This would allow the decrease of the density of C. vitis in early spring, and the progression of severe damage could be prevented.

The Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis is a newly emerging insect-bacterium symbiotic system. This symbiosis system has a good merit as an experimental model system to produce the non-symbiotic (apo) and symbiotic (sym) host insect. In recent reported papers, the symbionts play important biological roles for the host insects. Meanwhile, juvenile hormone (JH) is one of major hormone synthesized corpora allata(CA) to control many physiology of insect. However, the study for cross-talk mechanism between symbionts and host hormones to control important physiological phenomenon of insects is almost none. In this study, we found that Riptortus speed up adult emerging and increase egg laying on presence of symbiont Burkholderia. Also we found that hexamerin proteins, which were controlled the expression by JH, were accumulated in sym-Riptortus hemolymph compare with apo-Riptortus. According as combined results, we hypothesized that the gut symbiont Burkholderia can control JH titer to conclude out beneficial effects such as development and reproduction of R. pedestris. To verify this hypothesis, we examined measurement of JH titer, expression of hexamerins as JH response genes and RNAi for hexamerin protein during whole Riptortus life on presence or absence of symbiont Burkholderia. All results demonstrated that gut symbiont controlled JH titer of Riptortus. Controlled JH amount by symbiont Burkholderia in host midgut regulated hexamerin protein expression for speeding up adult emerging and increasing egg production.

Urbanization is one of the leading causes of habitat loss, habitat degradation, and fragmentation. Urban development negatively affects biodiversity. This study aimed to clarify the change of butterfly communities on effect of urbanization in urban green areas. Butterfly survey was conducted using the line transect methods from April to October in 2012. A total of 59 species and 1,465 individuals of butterflies were observed in four urban green areas: Namsan Park (NS), Ewha Womans University (EW), Bukseoul Dream Forest (BD), and Hongneung Forest (HF), and natural forest: Gwangneung Forest (GF). The category of land use around study site was determined based on GIS data. Species richness and abundance of niche breadth and habitat type in urban green areas differed significantly from those in GF. Estimated species richness and species diversity (H’) in four urban green areas were significantly lower than those in GF. Species richness and abundance of forest interior species and specialist were positively correlated with paddy, field, and forest, whereas those of forest interior species and specialist were negatively correlated with urban area and road. Butterfly communities in four urban green area differed from that in GF. The result suggests that the decrease of paddy, field, and forest associated with increase of urban area and road negatively influences species composition and changes butterfly communities.

Body and head lice (Pediculus humanus humanus and Pediculus humanus capitis, respectively) are typical ectoparasites of humans. They differ not only in the ecological habitat but also in the vector competence in spite of their conspecific nature. Only body lice transmit several bacterial pathogens to humans, including Bartonella quintana, Rickettsia prowazekii and Borrelia recurrentis. In this study, the proliferation rates of two model bacteria, a gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and a gram negative Escherichia coli, were determined following bacterial challenge by cuticular injection. Both bacteria proliferated rapidly in body lice at the early stage of bacterial challenge but not in head lice, suggesting that head lice have more sensitive immune responses to these bacteria. In vivo phagocytosis assay revealed that head lice have much higher phagocytic activity against E. coli than body lice whereas only slight differences in phagocytic activity against S. aureus were observed between the two lice species. Taken together, these findings suggest that the reduced phagocytosis activity of body lice contributes, at least in part, to their higher vector competence.

에멀션 기반의 계면활성제를 이용한 주형합성법을 이용하여 산촉매로서 염산과 실리카의 전구체인 테 트라에톡시실란을 사용함으로써 메조다공성 실리카 마이크로스피어를 합성하였다. 테트라에톡시실란의 농도 증가에 의해 구형의 입자 형태가 파괴되었고, 기공구조도 크게 변하였다. 산촉매 농도 증가에 의한 구형의 입자형태 파괴 현상은 적었지만 상대적으로 작은 크기의 구형의 마이크로입자가 더 많이 생성되 었다. 하지만, 산성조건에서 입자들 간의 강한 응집현상이 나타남에 따라 낱개의 분리되어 있는 단일입자 를 얻기 위해서는 초음파 등의 후처리 과정이 필요하였다.

수평 배향 액정 모드는 양의 유전율 이방성과 음의 유전융 이방성 액정을 사용한 프린지 필드 스위칭과 양의 유전율 이방성 액정을 사용한 인플래인 스위칭 모드가 대표적이다 . 이 대표적인 세 구동 방식의 화질 특성을 비교하기 위하여 각각의 최척화된 위상지연 값 조건하에서 밝기, 명암대비율과 색 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 양액정과 음액정을 사용한 프린지 필드 스위칭 모드가 밝기와 명암대비율 면에 있어서 인플래인 스위칭 모드보다 우수한 특성을 보인다. 또한 양액정을 사용한 프린지 필드 스위 칭 모드는 시야각 방향에서 적은 색 변이 특성을 보인다.

Field sequential 액정 디스플레이(FSLCD)는 컬러필터를 사용하지 않아 높은 투과율 특성을 보이고 광 원으로 LED를 사용함으로써 색재현성이 매우 우수하다. 하지만 FSLCD(60Hz 구동)를 실현하기 위해서는 액정의 응답속도가 5ms이하로 고속응답 특성을 보여야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 고속응답 ECB(electrically controlled birefringence) 셀의 최적 구조를 연구하여 5ms 이하의 응답시간을 얻었다. 그리고 ECB 모드에서 높은 구동전압과 시야각을 개선하기 위해 필름 보상을 연구하였다. 판상형 액정필름(discotic film)과 TAC(triacetyl cellulose) 필름의 위상차 값을 최적화함으로써 구동전압을 5V로 낮추고 상하좌우에서 160° 이상(CR>10:1)의 시야각을 실현하였다.

우리나라에는 1970년 이전부터 총 5,396개의 광산이 개발되었다. 하지만, 1980년대 이후 해외 광산물의 유입, 인건비가 상승하게 되면서 휴･폐광산이 증가하게 되었으며, 현재 362개의 광산만이 가행 되고 있는 실정이다. 오염방지시설이 미미한 채 방치되어 있는 휴･폐광산 부산물은 주변 토양 및 지하수를 오염시켜 광범위한 환경오염을 초래하고 있기 때문에 처리가 필요한 상황이다. 이러한 부산물을 처리하기 위해 많은 양의 토사를 사용하는 폐기물 매립지의 복토재로 사용가능 한 방법들이 연구 중에 있다. 많은 방법들 중 산업폐기물을 첨가하여 일반 토사의 사용량을 줄이는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 일반적인 산업폐기물을 이용한 복토재의 경우 높은 pH와 악취를 발생시키는 문제점이 있었다. 이에 따라 산업폐기물을 이용한 복토재의 pH와 악취를 조절할 필요가 있다고 사료된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 휴･폐광된 광산 주변의 오염토양과 MCIP 미생물과 제강슬래그를 혼합하여 중금속 용출 실험을 실시하였으며, MICP 미생물과 제강슬래그의 혼합비율을 변화하여 복토재로 적합한 조건을 알아보고자 하였다.

The objective of this study was to rapidly evaluate fatty acids in a collection of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) of different origins so that this information could be disseminated to breeders to advance germplasm use and breeding. To develop the calibration equations for rapid and nondestructive evaluation of fatty acid content, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRs) spectra (1104-2494 nm) of samples ground into flour (n=100) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer. A modified partial least-squares model was developed to predict each component. For foxtail millet germplasm, our models returned coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.91, 0.89, 0.98 and 0.98 for strearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively. The prediction of the external validation set (n=10) showed significant correlation between references values and NIRs values (r2=0.97, 0.91, 0.99 for oleic, linoleic, and total fatty acids, respectively). Standard deviation/standard error of cross-validation (SD/SECV) values were greater than 3 (3.11, 5.45, and 7.50 for oleic, linoleic, and total fatty acids, respectively). These results indicate that these NIRs equations are functional for the mass screening and rapid quantification of the oleic, linolenic, and total fatty acids characterizing foxtail millet germplasm. Among the samples, IT153491 showed an especially high content of fatty acids (84.06 mg g-1), whereas IT188096 had a very low content (29.92 mg g-1).