Molybdenum-tungsten (Mo-W) alloy sputtering targets are widely utilized in fields like electronics, nanotechnology, sensors, and as gate electrodes for TFT-LCDs, owing to their superior properties such as hightemperature stability, low thermal expansion coefficient, electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance. To achieve optimal performance in application, these targets’ purity, relative density, and grain size of these targets must be carefully controlled. We utilized nanopowders, prepared via the Pechini method, to obtain uniform and fine powders, then carried out spark plasma sintering (SPS) to densify these powders. Our studies revealed that the sintered compacts made from these nanopowders exhibited outstanding features, such as a high relative density of more than 99%, consistent grain size of 3.43 μm, and shape, absence of preferred orientation.

This study evaluated the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB, a mixture of Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum) supplementation, the storage temperature, and storage period on the fermentation characteristics and in vitro ruminal digestibility of a total mixed ration (TMR). The TMR was prepared into two groups, namely, CON (control TMR without the LAB) and ML (supplementing a mixture of E. faecium and L. plantarum in the ratio of 1% and 2% (v/w), respectively). Both groups were divided and stored at 4°C or 25°C for 3, 7, and 14 d fermentation periods. Supplementing LAB to the TMR did not affect the chemical composition of TMR except for the lactate and acetate concentration. Storage temperatures affected (p<0.05) the chemical composition of the TMR, including pH, lactate, and acetate contents. The chemical composition of TMR was also affected (p<0.05) by the storage period. During in vitro rumen fermentation study, the ML treatment showed lower (p<0.05) dry matter digestibility at 24 h incubation with a higher pH compared to the CON. There was no difference in the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of TMR between the CON and ML treatment however, at 24 h, ML treatment showed lower (p<0.05) IVDMD with a higher pH compared to the CON. The effects of storage temperature and period on IVDMD were not apparent at 24 h incubation. In an in vivo study using Holstein steers, supplementing LAB to the basal TMR for 60 d did not differ in the final body weight and average daily gain. Likewise, the fecal microbiota did not differ between CON and ML. However, the TMR used for the present study did include a commercial yeast in CON, whereas ML did not; therefore, results were, to some extent, compromised in examining the effect of LAB. In conclusion, storage temperature and period significantly affected the TMR quality, increasing acetate and lactate concentration. However, the actual effects of LAB supplementation were equivocal.

무분별한 산업화로 인한 스카이라인의 무질서, 자연경관 오염 등은 경관의 훼손을 가속화시킨다. 이에 국토의 경관을 보다 효율적으로 관리, 조성 및 복원하기 위하여 현재 환경부에서는 시행되어지 고 있는 개발사업 등을 대상으로 자연 경관 심의지침을 도입하였다. 제도에 입각하여 사업유형을 분류한 후, 정성적 평가를 시행하는 국내 지침 특성 상, 평가자에 의해 결과가 달라져 주관적이며 이는 곧 신뢰성의 문제로 이어진다. 반면 개발 대상지 각각의 평가 인자들을 도출한 후, 정성적, 정량 적 평가를 병행하는 영국의 경관영향평가는 지침의 유연성으로 인해 경관의 특이점을 반영하며 주 관적 관점 또한 최소화되어진다. 본 연구에서는 국내 및 영국의 경관영향평가에 대한 고찰과 영국 노썸버랜드 경관영향평가 사례 분석을 통하여 국내의 경관영향평가의 한계점과 보완 가능성을 제시 하였다. 이는 국내외 경관영향평가에 대한 기초적 연구로, 향후 이어질 경관영향평가의 세부적인 가이드라인 개발 또는 정책 수립에 합리적인 발전 방안 제시에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation to domestically-cultivated Italian ryegrass (IRG) on silage fermentation and in vitro ruminal fermentation. There were six treatments based on the LAB inoculants: 1) no addition of LAB (negative control: NC), additions of 2) commercially-available LAB (positive control: PC), 3) Lactobacillus plantarum (LPL), 4) L. paracasei (LPA), 5) L. acidophilus (LA), and 6) L. pentosus (LPT). All treatments were inoculated at a concentration of 106 CFU/g and ensiled for 3, 7, 21, and 42 days in triplicate and analyzed for nutritive values when ensiling was terminated. Day 42 silage from all treatments were also examined for in vitro ruminal fermentation. After 42 days, LAB-inoculated silages had higher (P<0.05) lactic acid concentration compared to the NC. In terms of nutritive values, the silages treated with LPA, LA, and LPT showed higher (P<0.05) crude protein and lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content compared to the rest of the treatment. In vitro ruminal dry matter degradability was not affected by LAB addition. However, LAB-treated IRG had shown higher (P<0.05) ammonia-N compared with that of the NC. LPA had shown the highest (P<0.05) volatile fatty acid concentration among the LAB examined. In conclusion, the addition of a single strain of LAB appeared to produce a quality IRG silage compared with the NC and the PC. Among the strains examined, LPA seemed to be superior to the others.

토목이나 건축공사와는 달리 조경분야의 프로젝트는 공정상의 특수성으로 인해 BIM 도입이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그러나 인접 분야인 건축, 토목 공사에서 BIM은 보편화 되고 있으며, 이를 고려할 때 향후 조경분야에서도 BIM 환경구축 및 도입은 필수적일 것이다. 특히 조경 BIM의 공종 도출에 관한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않은 상태로, 향후 조경분야 BIM 도입을 위해서는 조경 BIM 세부 공종 도출에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 조경 BIM 도입 가능성의 검토와 세부 공종 도출을 통해 조경 BIM 도입을 위한 기초자료를 마련하고자 하였으며, 이를 위해 문헌 연구와 전문가 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 연구결과 조경분야의 BIM 활용 방안 및 향후 발전 방향에 관한 내용이 도출되었다. 또한 대지분석 BIM, 공간계획 BIM, 조경요소계획 BIM의 3개 분야로 나뉜 조경 BIM 공종을 도출하였으며, 각 공종 분야는 다시 총 7개 부분의 31개 요소로 세분화되어 조경 BIM 세부 공종 내용이 도출되었다. 향후 본 자료를 바탕으로 국내 조경 프로젝트에 BIM을 도입하여 효율적인 조경 프로젝트 수행에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

American foulbrood (AFB) is caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, which is highly contagious and often lethal to honeybee broods. To control AFB, rapid diagnostic tools including those based on immunological methods are required. We produced several specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against P. larvae. Interestingly, a few of the MAbs were revealed to be an IgM-type antibody. To ascertain the effects of adjuvants on immunoglobulin isotype switching, BALB/c mice were immunized with various adjuvants, i.e., Freund's adjuvant (FA), Alum adjuvant, and AddaVax™ followed by the generation of hybridoma that secreted monoclonal antibodies to P. larvae. In the case of AddaVax™, all screened hybridoma clones secreted IgG-type MAbs, whereas hybridomas generated by Alum and FA secreted 91.25% (7/80) and 66.67% (11/33) respectively, IgG-type MAbs. Although the mechanism of incomplete immunoglobulin isotype switching associated with the P. larvae antigen needs further study, our results indicate that the applied adjuvants can have a significant effect on immunoglobulin isotype switching results.

Recently, growing emphasis has been placed on the installation of rain gardens. However, previous rain garden studies have mainly focused on physicochemical effects such as rainfall runoff management and water quality improvement. Therefore, this study aims to investigate general perceptions of rain gardens and landscape aesthetics among rain garden visitors. To achieve this goal, a survey of 100 rain garden visitors was conducted, gathering information about their general perceptions of rain gardens and landscape aesthetics at three pre-selected rain garden locations. Results showed that rain garden recognition was limited to 34% of the respondents, indicating that most people were not aware of rain gardens and were unable to notice differences between rain gardens and traditional gardens. However, stronger support for rain gardens was observed among those who were aware of the concept, those who recognized that rain garden planting types are differentiated from traditional gardens, and those who rated positively the landscape aesthetic value of rain gardens. The main findings are expected to encourage further studies of quantitative indicators by conducting a correlation analysis between aesthetics and functionality of rain gardens.

Moon mineralogy mapper (M3)'s work proved that the moon is not completely dry but has some hydroxyl/water. M3’s data confirmed that the amount of hydroxyl on the lunar surface is inversely related to the measured signal brightness, suggesting the lunar surface is sensitive to temperature by solar insolation. We tested the effect of solar insolation on the local distribution of hydroxyl by using M3 data, and we found that most craters had more hydroxyl in shade areas than in sunlit areas. This means that the local distribution of hydroxyl is absolutely influenced by the amount of sunshine. We investigated the factors affecting differences in hydroxyl; we found that the higher the latitude, the larger the difference during daytime. We also measured the pyroxene content and found that pyroxene affects the amount of hydroxyl, but it does not affect the difference in hydroxyl between sunlit and shaded areas. Therefore, we confirmed that solar insolation plays a significant role in the local distribution of hydroxyl, regardless of surface composition.