풀무치 (Locusta migratoria) (Orthoptrea: Acridiade)는 전 세계적으로 작물 생산에 심각한 문제를 야기하는 돌발 해충이다. 그러나 우리나라 의 경우 풀무치를 방제하기 위한 방제제 및 적용에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 풀무치에 병원성을 갖는 풀무치병원성 진균 라이브러 리를 구축하였으며, 풀무치 방제에 이용 가능한 생물학적 방제제로서의 가능성을 평가 하였다. 먼저 갈색거저리 유충-baiting 시스템을 이용하여 다양 한 지역에서 채집된 토양에서 곤충병원성 진균을 발굴 하였다. 풀무치 병원성 검정을 진행하기 위하여 국립 농업 과학원에서 풀무치를 분양 받았으며, 고체 배양된 곤충병원성 진균을 곤충 사육 상자에 처리하여 (2 g/ box), 풀무치 약충 (3-4령충)에 대한 곤충병원성 진균의 병원성을 평가 하였다. 그 결과 곤충병원성 진균 처리 3-7일차에 풀무치의 머리, 복부, 다리 표면에서 진균이 증식하는 mycosis를 확인 할 수 있었다. 특히, Metarhizium anisopliae, M. lepidiotae, Clonostachys rogersoniana에서 높은 병원성이 나타나는 것이 확인 되었다. 확보된 34개의 풀무치병원성균주의 특성을 파악 하기 위하여 열안정성 및 포자생산성을 확인 한 결과, Paecilomyces, Purpureocillium 균주가 다른 균주에 비해 열에 대한 높은 안정성안 나타나는 것을 확인 하였으며, 대부분의 균주에서 1 × 108 conidia/gram 이상의 포자수를 생산 하는 것을 확인 하였다. 또한 온실 조건에서 비교적 병원성이 높았던 M. anisopliae 고체 배양된 균주를 토양에 처리하여 병원성을 확인한 결과, 85.7%의 높은 방제효과를 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 실험을 통하여 풀무치가 이동하면서 토양에 정착된 곤충병원성 진균에 접촉되어 치사 될 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 효과적인 풀무치 방제가 가능 할 것이라고 판단된다.

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an intracellular adaptor protein involved in Toll pathway. In this study, we monitored the response of 4 key genes of the insect immune system against Beauveria bassiana JEF-007 in Tenebrio molitor using RT-PCR. To better understand the roles of Toll pathway in mealworm immune system, TmGPR and TmMyD88 was knocked down by RNAi silencing. Target gene expressions were decreased at 6 days post-dsRNA injection. Therefore, mealworms were compromised by B. bassiana JEF-007 at 6 days post-dsRNA injection. Silencing of the TmMyD88 and TmGPR resulted in reducing the resistance of the host to fungal infection. However, only dsTmMyD88 showed significant difference with dsEGFP by statistical analysis, which may be due to partial gene knock down of dsGPR. These results indicate that TmMyD88 is required in mealworms for survival against B. bassiana JEF-007.

Beauveria bassiana JEF-007 with strong virulence against Riptortus pedestiris was selected for the Agrobacerium tumefaciens-mediated transformation(AtMT). AtMT generated two transformants, B1-06 and C1-49, showed significantly reduced virulence against R. pedestris. To identify the virulence-related genes, thermal asymmetric interlaced(TAIL) PCR and flanking region analysis were performed. From the analysis, two genes, Complex I intermediated-associated protein 30(CIA30) and Autophagy protein 22(Atg22), possibly related virulence in B. bassiana JEF-007. For the analysis of two putative virulence-related genes in JEF-007, hairpin RNA interference (hpRNAi) is under consideration. This work can provide the functional roles of the virulence-related genes in B. bassiana JEF-007.

In order to understand the characteristics of soil according to the cultivation environment of Chinese bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorum A.), soil chemical properties of 12 collected soil samples from 6 cultivated fields in Okcheon, Chungbuk province in August. 2017 were analyzed. The soil pH was distributed within the range of 4.61 to 5.25 at all cultivation years and E.C (Electric Conductivity) and T-N (Total Nitrogen) of the cultivation year were not significant. Available P2O5 was higher than the average for medicinal crops and P. grandiflorum in Korea and C.E.C (Cation Exchange Capacity) was inconsistent for each cultivation year. In particularly, it was validated that the content of exchangeable cations K, Ca, Ma, and Na in this experiment was similar to that of C.E.C according to the cultivation years, because C.E.C had a high correlation with the exchangeable cations. For the available P2O5, as affected by trans-planting, 5Y-NT-H (cultivated 5 years and non-transplanted) had 58 mg/kg, while 5Y-T-H (cultivated 5 years and transplanted) had 246 ㎎/㎏. The soil pH was found to be lower (acidic) in diseased soils than healthy soils. E.C was confirmed to be was higher in diseased soils than healthy soils except for the one cultivated for 2 years. The contents of T-N and available P2O5 were higher in diseased soil except for the one cultivated for 5 years and 11 years. The exchangeable cation K and Na tended to be higher in diseased soils rather than that in healthy soils, and the exchangeable cation Ca and Mg contents were higher in healthy soils than in diseased soils. The C.E.C of the soil was lower than that of healthy soils in all of the years except for the one which was cultivated for 5 years (transplanted).

Background : We examined the inorganic compounds, compressive strength, yield, and functional substances of five steam-treated deciduous tree species to address the problem of the low degradation activity of conventional oak trees in the cultivation of Gastrodia elata in indoor facilities. Methods and Results : With the exception of Ca in cherry blossom tree (CBT), the content of the major inorganic elements (N, P, Mg, K, and Ca) in alternative trees were 1.5 - 3.6, 1.3 - 2.6, 3.3 - 5.3, 4.4 - 7.5, and 0.9 - 3.9 times those in oak (control group), respectively. The content of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) were equivalent to or slightly lower than those in oak, depending on tree species. The compressive strength of alternative trees was 9.3%–34.9% lower than that of oak. The compressive strength after steaming was lower in the order CBT (8.0%), mulberry tree (MBT: 7.0%), chestnut tree (CNT: 7.2%), Siebold's crab (SBC: 6.9%), black locust (BLL: 6.1%), and oak (5.4%). The total weight of oak was 893 g in comparison with the 1,107, 902, 952, 813, and 813 g of MBT, CNT, CBT, SBC, and BLL, respectively. The mature tuber and seed tuber ratios were 31%, 34%, 32%, 32%, 34%, and 30%, and 67%, 75%, 68%, 70%, 73%, and 65%, respectively. The yield index increased overall by 1% - 14%. Total weight after steaming increased by 10%, 18%, 14%, 16%, 20%, and 12% in oak, MBT, CNT, CBT, SCB, and BLL, respectively. Mature tuber and seed tuber ratios after steaming increased by 1%, 1%, 0%, 1%, and 2%, and 5%, 3%, 7%, 2%, 5%, and 5%, respectively. There were no significant difference among tree species in drying ratio, hardness, chromaticity for quality comparisons, and steaming. However, the results of functional substance analysis revealed significant differences in gastrodin, gastrodigenin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and ergothioneine according to tree species. Conclusion : From the above results, we may believed that five tree species including MBT might have useful as alternative to oak when the cultivation of G. elata in Indoor Facilities.

This study was investigated the effect of immature rhizome production according to harvest times-based treatment method for seed production of Gastrodia elata. The results revealed that when the tuber weight of G. elata harvested in spring (GEHS) was ≥ 100 g, the rate of artificial fertilization, protocorm formation, and immature rhizome formation was 90.9%–94.8%, 3.1%–5.4%, and 10.1%–15.3%, respectively. When G. elata harvested in fall (GEHF) was treated at a low temperature for 4 weeks or more, the rate of artificial fertilization, protocorm formation, and immature rhizome formation was 70.4%–87.6%, 2.2%–2.6%, 8.7%–9.5%, respectively. Therefore, to produce seeds and immature rhizomes, GEHS must have tubers of more than 100 g, whereas GEHF requires breaking dormancy by low-temperature treatment for 4 weeks or more. Compared with those of GEHS, the rate of artificial fertilization, protocorm formation, and immature rhizome formation was lower in GEHF; however, it was higher than those in the natural germination state. Thus, it can be expected that G. elata can be produced throughout the year by ensuring that the seeds and immature rhizomes of G. elata are produced using a constant tuber weight and by breaking dormancy with low temperature treatment.

Background : The organic matter content of land clearing or soil brought from an other place is very low, less than 0.5%. However, the organic matter content of natural habitat soil and leader farmhouse soil was two to three times higher than that of general farmhouse soil. As a result, the yield of Gastrodia elata was higher than that of general farmhouse. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to investigate the yield of G. elata according to the application of green manure crops (GMCs). Methods and Results : This experiment was carried out in a soil with organic matter content of 0.5% in rain shelter greenhouse. The kind of GMCs are corn, Sudan grass, sorghum and oats, and the throughputs per 10 a were 2,000 ㎏, 2,200 ㎏, 1,500 ㎏ and 700 ㎏ of each. The soil preparation was carried out after treated of GMCs at least one month before G. elata was formally planted. As the results of these experiment, organic matter content in soils increased 4 - 5 times compared with before treatment. As a result, the yield of G. elata increased by 21 - 41% in all treatments of GMCs. In addition, there was 2 - 5% more G. elata of good merchantable quality. However, the soil temperature in the summer season period of 2016 (7.1 - 8.31) was 1.2 - 1.6℃ higher than the previous year. The day when the outside temperature was above 30℃ was 41 days. It doubled from the previous year. Soil moisture content showed similar tendency according to treatments. As a result, 20 - 30% of high temperature damage and 20 - 50% of putrefaction occurred, and the total yield also decreased by 20 - 30% compared to normal year. Conclusion : In conclusion, some organic matter is needed for cultivation of G. elata. Therefore, it is considered that it would be better to keep the organic matter content at 2 - 3% when the destination are managed, and to use corn or Sudan grass as the GMCs.

This study was compared to outdoor field (OF) and rain shelter greenhouse (RSG) according to cultivation type of Gastrodia elata Blume. Also, the effects of yield and quality for mulching materials in RSG were compared. The yield of G. elata was investigated good merchantable quality, and the quality was investigated hardness, chromaticity, weight loss and the contents of the major functional components. The cultivation of RSG was increased the yield, hardness, gastrodin, and vanillyl alcohol compared to OF, and the weight loss, chromaticity, and ergothioneine were almost equal. Rice straw treatment showed higher than those of the control and other treatments on the yield and hardness. As a result, the yield and the quality of RSG, which can control the soil moisture, were better than that of OF. And the lower the soil moisture content according to the mulching material, the harder the surface and the higher the hardness.