This study seeks to explore how key restaurant attributes differently influence customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction across pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods, as well as across various economic segments. By employing impact asymmetry analysis (IAA), the research identifies the primary drivers of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction, examining their uneven on customer satisfaction in Korean restaurants. The findings underscore the non-linear and asymmetric nature of customer responses to various service attributes, highlighting the significant influence of economic factors and the pandemic on dining expectations and experiences. This research deepens our understanding of the factors shaping customer satisfaction dynamics, particularly in the context of the evolving post-pandemic restaurant industry.

이 논문은 해외원조가 네팔의 경제 성장에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 사 회 부문, 경제 부문, 생산 부문, 다중 부문의 네 가지 주요 부문으로 세 분화되었다. 실증 결과를 얻기 위해 2002년부터 2023년까지의 시계열 연간 데이터를 사용하여 자기회귀시치분포(ARDL)모형을 사용하였다. 이 논문의 실증 결과는 해외 원조와 경제 성장 간의 장기적인 관계를 확인 시켜주었다. 집계된 해외 원조는 네팔의 경제 성장에 부정적이고 통계적 으로 유의미한 영향을 미치었다. 반면, 외국 원조를 부문별로 세분화하면 그 영향이 달라졌으며, 사회 부문과 경제 부문에 대한 원조는 경제 성장 을 촉진하는 데 기여하는 반면, 생산 부문과 다중 부문에 대한 원조는 경제 성장에 부정적인 영향을 미치지만 통계적으로 일관되지 않았다. 따 라서 이 연구는 공여국과 수원국 모두에 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 이 연 구의 결과는 외국 원조로부터 상당한 혜택을 얻으려면 사회 및 경제 부 문에 대한 투자가 측정 가능한 성장 성과를 내기 때문에 우선순위를 두 어야 함을 시사한다. 그러나 생산 및 다중 부문 원조로부터 긍정적인 영 향을 실현하려면 잘 정의된 목표 계획을 수립하고 실행하여야 한다. 따 라서 혜택을 보장하고 지속 가능한 발전을 촉진하는 정책 개입을 설계하 고 집행하는 것이 필수적이다.

This study evaluates the long-term performance of a multi-layer cover system (MLCS) for near-surface disposal facilities using numerical modeling to estimate infiltration rates under various rainfall scenarios. An effective cover system is essential to prevent radionuclide migration and protect groundwater inflow within disposal facility. The analysis incorporated different bedrock characteristics (homogeneous and discrete fracture networks) and rainfall patterns throughout a 300-year post-closure period, assuming constant initial hydraulic properties. A comprehensive modeling approach incorporating both saturated and unsaturated flow dynamics was employed to assess system performance. Results showed that the cover system effectively limited infiltration rates to 15.94%−21.25% of the design criterion (32 mm∙year−1) across all scenarios. Although infiltration patterns showed minimal sensitivity to bedrock heterogeneity, preferential flow along fractures was observed in the unsaturated zone, necessitating further investigation. These findings emphasize the importance of considering fracture-dominated flow in cover system design and highlight the need for detailed analysis of chemical degradation effects, experimental validation, and uncertainty quantification. The study provides valuable insights for optimizing disposal facility designs and improving long-term performance assessment methodologies.

This study examined consumer perceptions and market trends of Korean food products sold on Amazon, focusing on keyword and review analysis. As Korean cuisine gains global attention, particularly in the U.S., it is essential to understand how international consumers perceive these products. Data were collected from Amazon, encompassing product details and customer reviews of Korean food categories. Frequently mentioned keywords in the reviews were identified, and customer sentiments were explored using Python-based data analysis. The results suggest that taste, especially spiciness and sweetness, is a key determinant of consumer satisfaction. Although Korean food was generally well-received, packaging and delivery issues were common complaints. These findings provide strategic insights for Korean food manufacturers aiming to expand globally, emphasizing the need for tailored product development and enhanced logistics.

Background: Stroke patients commonly experience functional declines in balance and gait due to decreased muscle strength and coordination issues caused by brain damage. Through repetitive training, robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) can aid in promoting neuroplasticity in stroke patients and help them acquire effective gait patterns. Additionally, convalescent rehabilitation hospitals help to ensure rapid recovery through intensive rehabilitation training. Objects: This study investigated the effects of RAGT frequency on gait and balance recovery in stroke patients in convalescent rehabilitation hospitals, providing data to optimize rehabilitation efficiency, enhance functional recovery, and support the development of personalized strategies to ensure safer and more rapid returns to daily life. Methods: This study compared the frequency of RAGT by analyzing a group receiving two units of RAGT per day for 5 days per week with a group receiving two units of RAGT per week as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation program, totaling 16 units daily, in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital. Results: In the 10-minute walking test, statistical significance was observed both within and between groups, whereas the Functional Ambulation Category, Fugl-Meyer Assessment–lower extremities, Berg Balance Scale, and timed up-and-go tests showed significance only within groups. Conclusion: End-effector RAGT and traditional gait training significantly improve gait ability, balance, and lower limb function in stroke patients.

본 논문은 마르쿠스 가브리엘의 신실재론(New Realism)을 통해 윌리엄 버틀러 예이츠(W.B. Yeats)의 시를 재조명하며, 그의 상징들이 지닌 자율성과 내재적 의미를 탐구한다. 가브리엘의 ‘의미의 장(fields of sense)’ 개념은 예이츠의 상징을 개 인적 혹은 문화적 맥락의 반영으로 제한하는 인간 중심적 해석을 넘어, 상징이 인간 인식과 무관하게 독립적 의미를 지닌 존재임을 보여준다. 이러한 관점은 예이츠의 상 징적 세계를 다차원적 실재로 위치시키며, 그의 역사적 현실과 신화적 상상력의 교차 를 조명할 수 있게 해준다. 가브리엘의 철학은 예이츠의 시에서 자율적 실재를 발견하 며, 시적 의미를 독립적이고 자율적인 존재와의 만남으로 재정의한다.

In this study, ester co-solvents and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) were used as low-temperature electrolyte additives to improve the formation of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Four ester co-solvents, namely methyl acetate (MA), ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, and ethyl propionate, were mixed with 1.0 M LiPF6 ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate:dimethyl carbonate (1:1:1 by vol%) as the base electrolyte (BE). Different concentrations were used to compare the electrochemical performance of the LiCoO2/ graphite full cells. Among various ester co-solvents, the cell employing BE mixed with 30 vol% MA (BE/MA30) achieved the highest discharge capacity at − 20 °C. In contrast, mixing esters with low-molecular-weight degraded the cell performance owing to the unstable SEI formation on the graphite anodes. Therefore, FEC was added to BE/MA30 (BE/MA30-FEC5) to form a stable SEI layer on the graphite anode surface. The LiCoO2/ graphite cell using BE/MA30-FEC5 exhibited an excellent capacity of 127.3 mAh g− 1 at − 20 °C with a capacity retention of 80.6% after 100 cycles owing to the synergistic effect of MA and formation of a stable and uniform inorganic SEI layer by FEC decomposition reaction. The low-temperature electrolyte designed in this study may provide new guidelines for resolving low-temperature issues related to LIBs, graphite anodes, and SEI layers.

This study involved the heterogenization of a binder pitch (BP) using a small amount of nanocarbon to improve physical properties of the resulting graphite electrode (GE). Heterogenization was carried out by adding 0.5–2.0 wt.% platelet carbon nanofiber (PCNF) or carbon black (CB) to a commercial BP. To evaluate the physical properties of the BPs, we designed a new model graphite electrode (MGE) using needle coke as a filler. The heterogenized binder pitch (HBP) with PCNF or CB clearly increased the coking value by 5–13 wt.% compared to that of the as-received BP. Especially, the model graphite electrodes prepared with HBPs containing 1.0 wt.% PCNF or CB showed significantly improved physical properties compared to the control MGE from the as-received BP. Although the model graphite electrodes prepared with HBPs showed similar properties, they had smaller pore sizes than the control. This indicates that heterogenization of the BP can effectively decrease the pore size in the MGE matrix. Correlating the average pore sizes with the physical properties of the model graphite electrodes showed that, for the same porosity, matrices formed by the HBP with a smaller average pore size can effectively improve the apparent density, tensile strength, and oxidation resistance of the model graphite electrodes.

Mesocrystals are macroscopic structures formed by the assembly of nanoparticles that possess distinct surface structures and collective properties when compared to traditional crystalline materials. Various growth mechanisms and their unique features have promise as material design tools for diverse potential applications. This paper presents a straightforward method for metal–organic coordination-based mesocrystals using nickel ions and terephthalic acid. The coordinative compound between Ni2+ and terephthalic acid drives the particle-mediated growth mechanism, resulting in the mesocrystal formation through a mesoscale assembly. Subsequent carbonization converts mesocrystals to multidirectional interconnected graphite nanospheres along the macroscopic framework while preserving the original structure of the Ni-terephthalic acid mesocrystal. Comprehensive investigations demonstrate that multi-oriented edge sites and high crystallinity with larger interlayer spacing facilitate lithium ion transport and continuous intercalation. The resulting graphitic superparticle electrodes show superior rate capability (128.6 mAh g− 1 at 5 A g− 1) and stable cycle stability (0.052% of capacity decay per cycle), certifying it as an advanced anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase-2 (NTRK2), are well known for their roles in the central nervous and animal reproductive systems. Several studies have observed the extensive expression of BDNF and NTRK2 in non-neuronal tissues, especially reproductive organs. However, most of these studies focused on ovarian development and regulation; thus, scientific research on BDNF and NTRK2 in males is required to determine their roles in the male reproductive system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate BDNF and NTRK2 expression in bovine testes. Methods: Testes were collected from six Hanwoo bulls (6-8 months old). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to investigate the mRNA expression of BDNF and NTRK2 in the testes. Western blot analysis was performed to verify the cross-reactivity of BDNF and NTRK2 antibodies with bovine testicular tissues. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to determine BDNF and NTRK2 protein expression in the testes. Results: RT-PCR analysis revealed BDNF and NTRK2 mRNA expression in bovine testes. In Western blotting, BDNF and NTRK2 protein bands were observed at 32 and 45 kDa, respectively. Immunofluorescence demonstrated BDNF expression in the nuclei of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells as well as in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells. NTRK2 was exclusively expressed in Sertoli cells. These results suggest that BDNF plays a potential role in spermatogenesis via BDNF and NTRK2 signaling in bovine testes, a finding supported by previous results in different animal species. Conclusions: The expression patterns of BDNF and NTRK2 indicate their functional importance in the bovine reproductive system.

The era of logistics 4.0 in which new technologies are applied to existing traditional logistics management has approached. It is developing based on the convergence between various technologies, and R&D are being conducted worldwide to build smart logistics by synchronizing various services with the logistics industry. Therefore, this study proposes a methodology and technology strategy that can achieve trend analysis using patent analysis and promote the development of the domestic smart logistics industry based on this. Based on the preceding research, eight key technology fields related to smart logistics were selected, and technology trends were derived through LDA techniques. After that, for the development of the domestic logistics industry, the strategy of the domestic smart logistics industry was derived based on analysis including technology capabilities. It proposed a growth plan in the field of big data and IoT in terms of artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles, and marketability. This study confirmed smart logistics technologies by using LDA and quantitative indicators expressing the market and technology of patents in literature analysis-oriented research that mainly focused on trend analysis. It is expected that this method can also be applied to emerging logistics technologies in the future.

The present study, black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) fermented using lactic acid bacteria were powdered without defatting and added to 3% or 5% to make pig feed. Weaning piglets were fed 3% (T3) or 5% (T5) feed powdered with Hermetia illucens for 5 months and the efficacy of the feed was investigated. The results of measuring body weight gain over 5 months after adding 3% (T3) or 5% (T5) of Hermetia illucens powder to the feed of weaned piglets showed significant weight gain in the T5 group compared to the control group. The added feed to Hermetia illucens powder did not show toxicity, and analysis of its effect on blood properties showed that white blood cell levels tended to increase in the T3 or T5 group compared to the control group.The only increase in white blood cell count was a change within the normal range. As a result of analyzing the effect of the level of addition of Hermetia illucens powder on feces, the effect of liquid reduction showed excellent results in the T3 treatment group and maintained the best form of feces. In this study, the thawing loss in the control group was 6.66%, and the T3 group with added powder to Hermetia illucens showed a significant decrease of 5.03%, and the T5 group also showed a decrease of 5.61%. Therefore, it was demonstrated that additive feed for Hermetia illucens reduced thawing loss, affected the water holding capacity of meat, and played an important role in maintaining the taste of meat. Moreover, the results of carcass grade showed a tendency for one grade to increase in the T3 and T5 groups fed additive feed to Hermetia illucens compared to the control group. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that feed supplemented with Hermetia illucens is effective in influencing the weight gain of pigs, reducing the liquid content of feces, and increasing carcass grade.

최근 국내외 화장품과 식품산업에서 다양하게 사용되어 지고 있는 콜라겐 단백질 제품은 점차 그 용도와 특성에 따라 보다 고도화, 기능화 되어 가고 있다. 피부 건강의 지표인 콜라겐은 다양한 용도로 개발되어 사용되고 있으 며, 콜라겐의 소비가 증가함에 따라 용도에 적합한 최적 화된 콜라겐 제품의 개발이 중요한 연구 분야이다. 특히 여러 기업과 연구기관들에 의해서 콜라겐의 흡수율을 높 이기 위한 다양한 노력이 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 본 연 구에서는 프란즈(Franz) 세포 시스템을 이용하여 국내에서 판매되는 다양한 분자량별 콜라겐 제품의 경피 및 구강 상피세포 투과성을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 피부 표피/진피 조직과 비교하여 구강점막 조직의 콜라겐 흡수율이 분자 량 500달톤과 1,000달톤의 경우 모두 통계적으로 유의하 게(각각 약 10배, 2배) 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 분 자량별 구강점막 조직 흡수율을 비교한 결과, 분자량 500 달톤의 콜라겐이 분자량 1,000달톤 제품에 비해 흡수율이 2-3배 증가함을 확인하였다. 분자량 500달톤의 경우 Cmax 와 AUCt 값이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 피부 표피/진피 세 포에 비해 구강점막세포 시험군의 모든 지표가 높은 것으 로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 피부 흡수보다는 구강 점막 세포를 통한 콜라겐의 흡수방법이 콜라겐 체내 흡수증가 에 유효한 수단임을 시사하며, 분자량 1,000달톤 이하에서 도 보다 더 작은 500달톤의 저분자 콜라겐의 흡수율이 증 가되는 것으로 보아 콜라겐의 분자량이 흡수율 증가의 주 요한 요소임을 확인할 수 있었다.

We examine whether the radial acceleration relation (RAR) of dwarf galaxies can be explained by Verlinde’s emergent gravity. This is the extension of Yoon et al. (2023), which examine the RAR of typical spiral galaxies, to less massive systems. To do this, we compile the line-of-sight velocity dispersion profiles of 30 dwarf galaxies in the Local Group from the literature. We then calculate the expected gravitational acceleration from the stellar component in the framework of the emergent gravity, and compare it with that from observations. The calculated acceleration with the emergent gravity under the assumption of a quasi-de Sitter universe agrees with the observed one within the uncertainty. Our results suggest that the emergent gravity can explain the kinematics of galaxies without introducing dark matter, even for less massive galaxies where dark matter is expected to dominate. This sharply contrasts with MOND, where a new interpolating function has to be introduced for dwarf galaxies to explain their kinematics without dark matter.

본 연구는 뷰티 분야에서 디지털 기술 적용 및 혁신수용으로 나타나는 변화에 대한 인식개선 및 해결방안으로 뷰티관련 전공 학습자들의 신기술 수용의도를 분석하여 뷰티산업을 이끌어 갈 예비 뷰티 서비스 전문가들에게 필요한 전문적인 디지털 관련 기술 교과목을 개설하여 교육하고, 신기술을 적용할 수 있는 능력을 배양하여 디지털 기술에 대한 인식도가 높은 뷰티 전문가 배출의 가능성을 알아보고자 하였 다. 뷰티전공 학습자의 디지털 신기술 수용의도를 분석한 결과 신기술에 대한 주관적 규범, 자기효능감은 매 개변수인 용이성에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 혁신의지와 자기효능감은 매개변수인 유 용성에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 혁신의지는 용이성에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 용이성과 유용성은 수용태도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 수용태도는 신기술 수용의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 뷰티전공 학습자들의 디지털 기술 관련 기초지식 수준을 분석하고, 디지털 신기술과 관련한 기초지식을 습득할 수 있도록 비교적 낮은 수준의 관련 교과목 개발 및 프로그램을 활용하여 뷰티전공 학숩자들이 디지털 신기술을 쉽게 인식할 수 있는 변화의 계기가 마련될 필요가 있다.

소 유방염 관련 대장균(BMEC)은 생산되는 우유의 양과 품질을 변화시키고 도태율을 높임으로써 전 세계 낙농 산 업에 심각한 재정적 손실을 초래할 수 있는 주요 원인 물 질로 간주된다. 연구자, 수의사, 농부가 가장 효과적인 치 료법과 진단 기술을 이해하고 결정하는 것은 젖소 유방염 을 극복하는데 중요하다. 특히 무증상 혹은 준임상형 유 방염의 경우, 소는 뚜렷한 증상을 보이지 않고, 장기간에 걸쳐 겉보기에 정상적인 우유를 계속 분비하여 원인 병원 체인 대장균이 무리 내에서 감염을 퍼뜨릴 수 있다. 유방 염 예방을 위해서는, 병원균의 유방 내 침입, 감염 확립, 유방의 염증의 3단계 병인 과정에 대한 이해가 필수적이 다. 지금까지 대장균 유방염의 임상적 중증도에 기여하는 독성 인자와 병원성 사이에 명확한 상관관계가 발견되지 않았다. 다제내성 대장균과 새로운 내성 기전의 진화는 유 방염 치료에 항생제를 광범위하게 사용하고 있기 때문에 문제시 되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 BMEC 치료의 효능 을 향상시키기 위해서는 대체제 발굴이 중요하다. 지난 30 년 동안 소 유방염의 역학 조사를 위해 다양한 유전자형 분석 기술이 사용되었다. 이러한 연구는 BMEC 계통 간 의 진화 관련성 뿐 아니라 기원, 전염 경로, 개체군 구조 에 대한 이해를 크게 향상시켰다. 따라서 본 리뷰에서는 BMEC의 전반적 개요를 제공하여 병인, 유전적 관계, 발 병 기전, 관리 및 질병 통제를 위한 새로운 치료 옵션에 대한 통찰력을 제공하고자 한다.

In this study, we employed a small-scale experiment to demonstrate the introduction of a thin copper heat dissipation plate into a bentonite buffer layer of an engineered barrier system. This experiment designed for spent nuclear fuel disposal can effectively reduce the maximum temperature of the bentonite buffer layer, and ultimately, make it possible to reduce the area of the disposal site. For the experiment, a small-scale engineered barrier system with a copper heat dissipation plate was designed and manufactured. the thickness of the cylindrical buffer was about 2 cm, which was about 1/20 of KAERI Repository System (KRS). At a power supply of 250 W, the maximum buffer temperature reduced to a mere 1.8°C when the thin copper plate was introduced. However, the maximum surface temperature reduced to a remarkable 9.1°C, when a U-collar copper plate was introduced, which had a good contact with the other barrier layers. Consequently, we conclude that the introduction of the thin copper plate into the engineered barrier system for spent nuclear fuel disposal can effectively reduce the maximum buffer temperature in high-level radioactive waste disposal repositories.

본 논문의 목적은 생성형 AI 기술의 급속한 발달로 인해 변화하는 게임산업의 생태계를 살펴 보고 이에 따른 대응방안을 모색하는 데 있다. 2022년 11월 OpenAI가 ChatGPT를 대중에게 공개한 이후, 생성형 AI를 가장 직접적으로 활용 및 투자하고 있는 분야는 게임콘텐츠 산업이 다. 생성형 AI의 활용은 단순반복적인 작업의 효율화를 통해 게임 개발의 간소화와 예산 절감 을 가능케 한다. 여기에 플레이어의 반응에 실시간 반응하며 소통하는 콘텐츠 자동 생성을 통 해 사용자 경험을 극대화한다. 실제 게임 개발 현장에서도 게임 레벨, 맵, 퀘스트, 지능형 NPC, QA 자동화 등 게임 제작과 운영의 전 분야에서 생성형 AI 도구가 활용되고 있다. 신기 술에 민감하며 노동집약적인 게임의 산업적 특성 때문에 생성형 AI가 게임산업의 미래를 바꿀 것이라는 전망과 함께, 저작권 이슈와 대량 해고 등 우려 또한 제기되고 있다. 이에 대응하기 위해 게임업계는 생성형 AI가 가져올 불가피한 변화를 적극적으로 받아들이고, 이분법적 ‘대체 론’을 넘어 인간의 창의력과 AI 기술의 장점을 결합할 수 있는 새로운 협업 지성과 창작물에 대한 법적, 윤리적 가이드라인을 모색해야 한다.