In this study, we tried to find out the most appropriate pre-processing method and to verify the feasibility of developing a low-price sensing system for predicting the hardy kiwis sugar content based on VNIRS and subsequent spectral analysis. A total of 495 hardy kiwi samples were collected from three farms in Muju, Jeollabukdo, South Korea. The samples were scanned with a spectrophotometer in the range of 730-2300 nm with 1 nm spectral sampling interval. The measured data were arbitrarily separated into calibration and validation data for sugar content prediction. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was performed using various combinations of pre-processing methods. When the latent variable (LV) was 8 with the pre-processing combination of standard normal variate (SNV) and orthogonal signal correction (OSC), the highest R2 values of calibration and validation were 0.78 and 0.84, respectively. The possibility of predicting the sugar content of hardy kiwi was also examined at spectral sampling intervals of 6 and 10 nm in the narrower spectral range from 730 nm to 1200 nm for a low-price optical sensing system. The prediction performance had promising results with R2 values of 0.84 and 0.80 for 6 and 10 nm, respectively. Future studies will aim to develop a low-price optical sensing system with a combination of optical components such as photodiodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and/or lamps, and to locate a more reliable prediction model by including meteorological data, soil data, and different varieties of hardy kiwi plants.

본 연구는 대추나무 생산농가의 합리적인 생산 계획수립을 지원하는 방안으로 2015년 9월부터 10월 사이에 경북 경산시 과원에서 5~30년생 대추나무의 수령별 과실특성, 수체특성 및 생산량을 조사하였 다. 대추나무 수령에 따른 과실 특성에 있어서, 과실 중량, 과실종경, 과실횡경은 5~25년생에서는 유의 성을 나타내지 않았으나, 30년생에서 감소된 수치를 나타냈고, 과형지수는 수령이 증가할수록 감소되는 경향을 나타냈다. 그러나, 과실당도는 23.28~25.46°Brix 범위로 수령에 따른 유의성이 나타나지 않았 다. 대추나무 수령에 따른 수체특성에 있어서, 수고, 근원경, 수관 폭 및 수관면적은 10년생까지 유의성 을 나타내며 생장하였으나, 10년생부터 30년생까지는 유의성을 나타내지 않았다. 생대추 생산량은 25년 생부터 유의하게 증가하는 경향을 나타내어, 대추나무의 수령이 생대추 생산량에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 대추나무 수령이 생대추 생산량에 영향을 미치는 인자를 비교하였으며, 조사된 수체특성 인자에 대하여 상관계수를 도출하였다. 그 결과 생대추 생산량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 수체특성 인자 는 수관폭으로 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 다래‘대성’과실의 수확 후 품질 보구력과 저장성 증진에 대한 효과를 살펴보고자 칼 슘-키토산을 수확 전후 처리 하였다. 수확 전 처리는 8월 20일, 25일, 28일 3회에 거쳐 과실에 살포 처리하였고, 수확 후 처리는 8월 31일 수확한 건전한 과실을 선별하여 침지 처리하였다. 처리한 과실은 1℃와 17℃ 온도 조건에 저장 하여 시기별로 가용성 고형물 함량, 산함량, 경도, 호흡률, 에틸렌발생량, 감모율을 조사하여 과실 품질을 평가하였다. 두 온도 조건에서 수확전후 칼슘-키토산 처리는 과피에 대 한 코팅효과에 의해 감모율 억제효과를 보였다. 17℃ 저장조건에서는 감모율 이외의 품질지표에서는 처 리간의 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 1℃ 저장조건에서는 감모율 이외에도 경도와 호흡률에서 칼슘-키토 산 수확 전후처리가 과실 후숙을 억제하는 효과가 있음을 확인 하였다.

본 연구는 신품종 다래‘오텀센스’의 수확적기를 구명하고자 생육시기별 과실품질과 후숙 특성을 조 사하였다. 과실의 후숙은 과실의 비대가 최대가 되고 과실 내 종자가 성숙한 이후에 가능하였으나, 종 자가 성숙 상태만으로는 후숙 가능성을 판단할 수 없었다. 산함량은 1.05%이상이 되어야 정상적인 후 숙이 진행되었으며 후숙이 가능한 시점의 경도는 평균 27.1N이었다. 성숙기에 접근한 과실의 가용성 고 형물 함량은 만개후 71일부터 90일까지 시기별로 유의적인 차이가 없었지만 후숙 후의 가용성 고형물 함량에는 유의적 차이가 있어 가용성 고형물 함량으로 수확적기를 구명하기에는 어려움이 있었다. 다래 의 저장 중 중량감소율은 2℃에 상대습도 90%저장구가 낮았고, 부패율은 20℃, 상대습도 45% 저장구 에서는 저장 8일 후부터 증가하기 시작하였고, 2℃에 상대습도 45%와 상대습도 90% 모두 저장 후 20 일까지 10% 이하로 유지되었다. 따라서 과실의 크기, 경도 및 후숙 전·후의 가용성 고형물 함량 등을 종합하여 고려해 볼 때 신품종 다래‘오텀센스’의 수확적기의 만개 후 생육일수는 85일(9월 2일)이었 고, 2℃에 상대습도 90%인 저온고습환경이 적합하였다.

In this study, we were performed to elucidate the antioxidant and anticancer activity by leaves extracts from Acer tegmentosum (AT-L). In DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, the AT-L revealed the high scavenging activity. Especially, the AT-L measured the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity, which is higher than ascorbic acid. The types of human cancer cells for evaluating the anticancer activity were colorectal cancer (SW480), prostate cancer (PC-3), breast cancer (MCF-7), pancreatic cancer (AsPC-1), lung cancer (A549) and liver cancer (HepG2). Human cancer cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Treatment of the AT-L decreased the cell viability and induced apoptosis in SW480 cells. These results suggest that extracts of the AT-L can be used as supplementary material for developing the natural antioxidant and anticancer drug for human cancer cells.

이상의 연구 결과로 먹넌출 열매 추출물은 GSK3β 의존성 Cyclin D1 단백질의 분해를 통해 대장암세포의 생육 억제와 관련이 있는 것으로 확인된다. 본 결과는 대장암의 항암제 개발을 위한 소재로 먹넌출 열매의 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Quercus mongolica (QM), which belongs to fagaceae, is one of the oak native to Korea. We evaluated the antiinflammatory effect of branches extracted with 70% ethanol of QM (QM-B) and elucidated the potential signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The QM-B showed anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of NO production. The QM-B dose-dependently suppressed NO production by inhibiting iNOS, COX-2 and IL-6 expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The QM-B inhibited the degradation and phosphorylation of IκB-α and NF-κB activation. The QM-B suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2. Also, the QM-B increased HO-1 expression. These results suggested that QM-B may utilize anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway and inducing HO-1 expression indicated that the QM-B can be used as a natural anti-inflammatory drugs.

Background : Native oak tree species dominated the deciduous forests of South Korea. The acorns of them represent the main food source for wildlife species as well as human being, and they have 28 species. We analyzed and compared to the antioxidants including total phenolics and functional nutrients components among the acorns of nine kinds of oak trees (Quercus acutissima, Q. aliena, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, Q, palustris, Q. rubra, Q. glauca, and Q. acuta). Methods and Results : Acorns were collected from each tree species, which were grown in a seed orchard. Contents of both total phenolic content (TPC) in acorns of Q. serrata were higher than others. Interestingly, Q. serrata contained the highest amount of water soluble tannins and the lowest levels of water insoluble tannins among 9 oak species, resulting that acorns of Q. serrata had the lowest proportion of insoluble tannins. Among 9 oak species tested, Q. aliena acorns contained the highest levels of total flavonoids content (TFC). Conclusion : Our result showed that nutritional composition of acorns was significantly different between oak species, indicating that tastes or nutritional values might be different as well among major oak species in Korea.

Background : In order to develop new cultivar of hybrid kiwifruit with cold tolerance, high useful components and high quality fruit, we have been crossed ‘Hayward’ (Actinidia deliciosa) with A. arguta. The new hybrid kiwifruit cultivars were 'DM', 'HO', and 'JW'. Actinidia arguta, called hardy kiwifruit, has an edible smooth skin and contains high amounts of sugar and vitamin C. It is native to north China, Korea, and Japan. A. deliciosa are known as kiwifruit and originated in Southwest China. The fruit of A. deliciosa appreciated for its sweet, slightly acidic flesh and high nutritional value, especially due its high content in vitamin C like A. arguta. The cultivar ‘Hayward’ of A. deliciosa occupies the majority of the world kiwifruit cultivated surface, and is the cultivar commercially produced in Korea. However, the kiwifruit producing areas are limited to warm climates region, it can be cultivated in the southern parts of Korea. In our research, several hybrids have been developed to enhance cold tolerance by crossing ‘Hayward’ with domestic species. Methods and Results : In our research, several hybrids have been developed to enhance cold tolerance by crossing ‘Hayward’ with domestic species. Freeze dried the fruit of hybrid kiwifruit was finely ground, extracted twice with methanol (MeOH). The crude extracts of the fruit was analyzed with HPLC for vitamin C and β-carotene analysis. Conclusion : Moisture and carbohydrate contents of hardy kiwi fruit in this study varied from 81.40 - 83.57% and 14.63 - 16.90 g/100 g, respectively. Among new cultivars, JW had higher fat(0.17 g/100 g) and protein(1.33 g/100 g) contents than others. The highest vitamin C and β-carotene content of hardy kiwi fruit were 120.70 ㎎/ 100 g, 0.14 ㎎/kg, respectively in DM.

The aim of this study was to analyze antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and vitamin C content in unripe and ripe jujube cultivar and to investigate correlation between antioxidant and chemical constituents including total phenolics and vitamin C. The antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. Although, the weight, diameter and soluble solids of Zyziphus jujuba fruit were increased with the progress of ripening, antioxidant activity and total phenolics were decrease during ripening. The highest free-radical scavenging activity (at 2.5 ㎎/㎖) and reducing power (at 1 ㎎/㎖) in fruit were 81.75% (Bokjo, unripe) and 0.80 (Mudeung, unripe), respectively. The highest total phenolic content in unripe fruit of Mudeung was 62.50 ㎍/g. A linear correlation (r=0.911) was shown between DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content.

A new cultivar of walnut (Juglans sinensis) was developed through selection from Korea Forest Research Institute. The goals of this research were to evaluate the yielding of walnut and their fruit characteristics of walnut selected from different regions in Korean Wild. Different varieties of walnut grown in Korea, were investigated in what concerns fruit weights, fruit length and their yielding. The walnut belongs to the family Juglandaceae. It is one of the most important nut crops grown in temperate regions. Walnuts, the seeds of J. sinensis are a highly nutritious food. They are also used as a traditional remedy for treating cough, stomach ache and cancer in Asia. The present investigations were undertaken during 2000-2009 in five walnut growing areas. In the present study a wide range of variation was observed in walnut characters from different locations. From these varieties, we have been regularly investigated the fruiting characteristics, which are the average of Fruit Length (FL) and Width (FW), and Weight of Fruit (WF) and Individual Yields (IY), during 10 years to select good quality walnut trees.

The effect of storage temperature and the storage period of hardy kiwifruits on the fruit firmness, soluble solids and fruit weight were studied in this work. The investigation was carried out on the Sae-Han cultivar of Actinidia arguta. It has an edible smooth skin and contains high amounts of sugar and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). In this research, the measurement of fruit firmness, soluble solids, and fruit weight were carried out at various temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20℃) during 14 days. Fruit firmness rapidly decreased and soluble solids content increased at 15 and 20℃. We also investigated the correlation between fruit firmness and soluble solids content. There was a strong correlation between fruit firmness and soluble solids content. That means that fruit firmness affect the soluble solids content of hardy kiwifruit.