PDMS에 NaA zeolite를 0~40 wt% 가하여 PDMS-NaA zeolite 막을 제조하였다. SEM 관찰에 의하면 PDMS-NaA zeolite 막 내에 분산되어있는 NaA zeolite 입자의 크기는 2~5 μm이었다. PDMS-NaA zeolite 막의 N2와 H2 투과도는 막 내의 NaA zeolite 함량이 증가하면 증가하였고, N2보다는 H2의 투과도가 더 컸다. 그리고 PDMS-NaA zeolite 선택성(H2/N2)은 NaA zeolite 함량이 증가하면 증가하였다.

목적: 본 연구에서는 행렬(Matrix) 방법으로 굴스트란드 모형안과 실제 눈에 대하여 분석하고, 가우스결상식 결과와 비교 분석하여 그 유용성을 확인하고, 보다 복잡한 안광학계에 적용가능 성을 제시하고자 하였다. 행렬 방법으로 광학계를 분석하기 위해서 각각의 광학계에 해당하는 행렬을 구성하고, 여러 광학계로 구성된 시스템은 각각의 행렬 연산하는 방식이므로 복잡한 광 학계 분석에 매우 적합하다. 방법: 행렬 방법의 신뢰도를 검증하기 위하여 두꺼운 렌즈, 각막, 수정체에 대하여 상의 위치 를 계산하여 가우스결상방정식 결과와 비교하였다. 또한 보다 복잡한 광학계인 굴스트란드 모 형안에 대하여 상의 위치를 계산하고 역시 가우스결상식 결과와 비교하였다. 또한 실제 근시성 난시안에 대한 결상 결과를 분석하였다. 결과: 모형안의 각막 굴절력 계산에서 가우스 결상식은 43.05D, 행렬 방법은 43.80D로 잘 알 려진 모형안 각막굴절력 43D와 0.12%, 1.8%의 차이를 보였다. 단일 굴절률 1.4086의 수정체 에서 가우스 렌즈 결상식은 19.11D, 행렬 방법는 19.48D로 계산되며 모형안 수정체 굴절력 19.11D와 0%, 1.93%의 차이를 보였다. 이때 수정체 굴절면을 피질 및 핵 굴절률 1.336, 1.413으로 각각 계산하였을 때 가우스 결상식 및 행렬 방법에 의한 결과는 59.05D로 모형안 정점 굴절력 60D와 두 경우 모두 1.6%의 차이를 보였다. 모형안에서는 가우스 결상식과 행 렬 방법이 2% 내의 차이를 보여 두 계산 방법 모두 적합하다 볼 수 있다. 하지만 입사하는 광선의 높이에 관계없이 한 점에 결상하는 가우스 결상식과 다르게 행렬 방 법은 입사하는 광선의 높이에 따라 초점 거리가 달라져서 이에따른 분석이 가능하다. 실제 사 람 눈에서 계산 시 가우스 결상식에서 망막 앞 2.74mm에 수직상이, 망막 앞 2.93mm에 수평 상이 발생하였다. 가우스 결상식에서 수직, 수평 상의 거리는 0.19mm의 차이를 가지며 행렬 방법로는 망막 앞 2.73mm에 수직상이, 망막 앞 2.94mm 수평상이 발생하였으며 두 초점 거리 차는 0.21mm였다. 결론: 본 연구는 여러 광학계에 대하여 가우스 결상식과 행렬 방법에 의한 결상 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 비교적 간단한 광학계인 각막, 수정체에서 두 방법에 의한 결과 오차가 매우 적은 것을 확인하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 굴스트란드 모형안에 대하여도 두 가지 방법에 의한 결과 차이 가 2% 이내로 근소한 차이에 불과하여, 행렬방법의 신뢰성 및 복잡한 광학계 분석에 대한 유 용성을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 토대로 근시성 난시안에 대하여 분석하였으며, 향 후 연구에서 는 행렬방법을 적용하여 보다 복잡한 광학계를 분석하고자 한다.

Solvothermal surface coating was employed to form hetero-nanostructures consisting of a polystyrene (PS) core and ZIF-8 shell. Upon selective removal of the PS core, hollow zeolite imidazole frameworks (H_ZIF-8) with a particle size of 700 nm and surface area of 1528.5 m²/g were generated. Synthesis was confirmed by Field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-raydiffraction(XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Free-standing mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared by dispersing H_ZIF-8 filler in poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (PVC-g-POEM) graft copolymer matrix. PVC-g-POEM worked well as a robust matrix to homogeneously disperse H_ZIF-8 with good interfacial contact due to the microphase-separated, amphiphilic properties of the hydrophobic glassy PVC main chains and the hydrophilic rubbery POEM side chains. Secondary bonding interactions were responsible for the good interfacial properties of the MMMs, as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FE-SEM, and XRD analysis. MMMs exhibited significantly enhanced CO2permeabilityrelativetopure PVC-g-POEM membranes: an 8.9-fold increase in permeability from 70.0 to 623 Barrer (1 Barrer = 1 × 10–10cm³(STP)·cm/cm²·s·cmHg) with only a small decrease in CO2/CH4 selectivity from 13.7 to 11.2 at 35℃, as measured via the time-lag method.

The newly combined zeolite imidazole frameworks-8 (ZIF-8) and poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(oxyethlyene methacrylate) (PVC-g-POEM) graft copolymer mixed matrix membrane (MMM) is developed for gas separation. PVC-g-POEM graft copolymer, synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) process, plays a pivotal role as a soft matrix to provide good permeation, uniform distribution of ZIF-8, and better interfacial interaction with inorganic filler. Moreover, addition of ZIF-8 in MMM enhances gas diffusion through pore in framework as well as gas solubility in organic linker. These synergetic functionalities dramatically improve gas separation performance, which MMMs loading ZIF-8 exhibited enhanced permeability and selectivity compared to neat graft copolymer membrane as measured via the time-lag method.

본 연구는 N2/NF3 분리를 위해 다양한 상업용 고분자를 이용하여 최초로 실증적 N2/NF3 분리상한선을 정의하였고, 6FDA–DAM:DABA(3:2), Teflons AF 2400, PTMSP가 가장 우수한 분리성능을 보여주었다. 또한, Freeman이론에 기반한 이론적 N2/NF3 상한선을 결정하였고, 이를 통해 실증적 상한선의 타당성을 증명하였다. 마지막으로, N2/NF3 분리성능 향상을 위해, Matrimid® 5218에 ZIF-8을 혼합한 하이브리드 분리막을 개발하였다. 용매, 입자크기 및 리간드가 하이브리드 분리막의 N2/NF3 분리성능에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다.

This paper investigates the change of the percolation threshold in the carbon powder-filled polystyrene matrix composites based on the experimental results of changes in the resistivity and relative permittivity of the carbon powder filling, the electric field dependence of the current, and the critical exponent of conductivity. In this research, the percolation behavior, the critical exponent of resistivity, and electrical conduction mechanism of the carbon powder-filled polystyrene matrix composites are discussed based on a study of the overall change in the resistivity. It was found that the formation of infinite clusters is interrupted by a tunneling gap in the volume fraction of the carbon powder filling, where the change in the resistivity is extremely large. In addition, it was found that the critical exponent of conductivity for the universal law of conductivity is satisfied if the percolation threshold is estimated at the volume fraction of carbon powder where non-ohmic current behavior becomes ohmic. It was considered that the mechanism for changing the gaps between the carbon powder aggregates into ohmic contacts is identical to that of the connecting conducting phases above the percolation threshold in a random resister network system. The electric field dependence is discussed with a tunneling mechanism. It is concluded that the percolation threshold should be defined at this volume fraction (the second transition of resistivity for the carbon powder-filled polystyrene matrix composites) of carbon powder.

The fashion industry, being energy and labor-intensive, has faced obstacles such as waste of resources, environmental pollution, and poor working conditions through the supply chain process. Because of the huge success of fast fashion, the consumption of fashion products has increased by 60% in the past ten years. At the same time, the problem of clothing waste is rearing its ugly head accounting for more than 30% of the entire garbage of the world. Providing clothes in cheaper price causes a poorer working condition. In April 2013, a deaths of 1,149 people in garment factory of Bangladesh is caused by the poor working condition without safety standard. Considering its direct effect on lives, consumers are now asking fashion companies to take on more social responsibilities and sustainability is emerging as a critical issue in the fashion industry (Ko, Hwang, & Kim, 2012; Yoo, 2012a). However despite consumers’ high interest in sustainability, they hardly ever seemed to connect with actual consumers according to various studies. Therefore, for a better understanding of consumers to foster their sustainable purchase behavior, this study attempts to identify consumers’ perception and attitude toward sustainable fashion and provide a suitable promoting strategy for consumer types. The role of consumers in driving a sustainable industry ecosystem is growing in importance, but few studies on sustainable fashion consumers have been conducted. Besides, there are two unsolved limitations, in particular, which have been pointed out multiple times in previous studies: first, the inconsistency between the findings (D’Souza, Taghian, Lamb, & Peretiatko, 2007; McDonald & Oates, 2006; Moisander, 2007; Peattie, 2001; Rex & Baumann, 2007; Straughan, 1999), and second, the failure to explain “the attitude-behavior gap.” (Kollmuss & Agyeman, 2002; Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006; Yoo, 2012b) In this context, this study employs Q methodology and purchase perception matrix to identify consumers. Q methodology is more effective and robust technique than self-report methods for the measurement of attitudes and subjective opinion (Stanton & Guion, 2010; Cross, 2005). And the purchase perception matrix, proposed by Peattie (1999), is known as a useful model to classify individual sustainable purchase (Peattie, 1999; Peattie, 2001; McDonald & Oates, 2006; Tan, 2011). The matrix combines two dimensions (High vs. Low confidence and compromise) to analyze four potential purchases such as win-win purchase, feeling good purchase, why not? purchase, why bother? purchase. Peattie’s matrix implies the concept of purchases but also has resonance with the concept of consumers. For example, using marketing strategy to enhance confidence and reduce compromise of each consumer makes their sustainable purchases more easy (McDonald & Oates, 2006). This study tests four types of benefit cueing using advertisement stimuli on sustainable fashion in order to suggest an effective promoting strategy to consumers. Moon et al. (2013) investigate three benefits of sustainable fashion, which are altruistic benefit (out-directed and selfless), social image benefit (out-directed and self-interested) and self-oriented benefit (inner-directed and self-interested). Hartmann et al. (2005) test two types of marketing strategy which are emotional strategy (a feeling of happiness by altruistic behavior or expression of self-identity as a green consumer) and functional strategy (excellent performance in eco-friendly function). Following the previous studies, this study investigates 2 (benefit orientation: external-oriented, internal-oriented) by 2 (benefit type: rational, emotional) benefit cueing stimuli into different types of consumer to verify four hypotheses such as first, external-oriented benefit is more effective than inner-directed benefit (Kim and Kim, 2002; Park, Oh, and Hwang, 2013). Second, based on the purchase perception matrix, high confidence and compromise consumer is more affected than low confidence and compromise consumer by external-oriented benefit. Third, high confidence and compromise consumer is more affected by external-oriented plus rational benefit (Pahbar and Wahid, 2011). And fourth, low confidence and compromise consumer is more affected by external-oriented plus emotional benefit (Vermeir and Verbeke, 2006). In study 1, Q methodology is conducted to identify the types of sustainable fashion consumer with 26 participants. As the result, four types of consumer are identified; the doubtful egoist, the single-minded bystander, the wavering intellect, and the narcissistic activist. The doubtful egoist is especially interested in personal gains and distrusts so-called sustainable fashion. The single-minded bystander has his own subjective opinion on sustainable fashion and is not easily persuaded by sustainable marketing messages. The wavering intellect is obviously interested in sustainability but also shows the highest attitude-behavior gap. The narcissistic activist sets great store by his social image and for that reason consumes sustainable fashion products. In study 2, which aims to verify the four types of consumer and test different types of benefit cueing of sustainable fashion by surveying 328 participants. Each consumer type is shown to be distinctive in terms of sustainable fashion perception, sustainable fashion behavior, fashion lifestyle, cost and benefit perception of sustainable fashion, and the degree of confidence and compromise. The four types of consumer are categorized into two types based on the purchase perception matrix. The wavering intellect is located on higher degree of confidence and compromise position but the others are on an opposite side by showing lower degree of confidence and compromise. Four types of benefit cueing are suggested to two types of consumer (the degree of confidence and compromise: high, low) with regard to the consumer types’ willingness to pay for sustainable fashion. The result shows that external-oriented benefit is more effective than internal-oriented benefit (Mex=2.84, SDex=.079, Min=2.46, SDin=.093; F=9.435, p<.005, H1 is supported). Those who show high degree of confidence and compromise are affected by external-oriented benefit than low degree of confidence and compromise consumers (Mh=3.19, Ml=2.49, F=12.130, p<.005; H2 is supported) and most of all, external-rational benefit (Mex-e=3.18, Sdex-e=.85, Mex-r=3.95, Sdex-r=1.18; t=2.351, p<.05, H3 is supported). Those who show low degree of confidence and compromise are affected by external-emotional benefit but this difference did not fall within the range of statistical significance (Mex-r=2.38, Sdex-r=1.24, Mex-e=2.61, Sdex-e=1.05; t=1.176, p>.05, H4 is rejected). This study theoretically contributes to a new and holistic perspective of sustainable fashion consumer and provides better understanding by Q methodology and purchase perception matrix. This study investigates the complex attributes of benefit such as different types and orientations and it takes a step-by-step look at how different benefit cueing leads actual behavior change of consumer. Especially, this study adopted a new variable such as consumer type and it enhances the feasibility of predicting sustainable fashion acceptance of each type of consumer. From a practical point of view, this study will be useful for offering guidelines to identify a specific target to generate a specific result for sustainable fashion company. For instance, concentrating on altruistic benefit promoting strategy with fluent information about eco-friendly attributes and socially responsible activities can strengthen high degree of confidence and compromise consumers who are relatively easy to change purchase behavior and regarded as target consumers. But those strategy does not much affect to low degree of confidence and compromise consumer who are potential consumers and as well as mass consumers in terms of their actual numbers in market. It is needed a long-term approach and in such context, this study offers guidance for expanding sustainable fashion from a niche market to a mass market.

Sambucus sieboldiana (SS) is a member of the family Caprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functional material because of its several bioactivities. Although numerous literatures are available on the pharmacological and biological activities, the biological activity of SS in bone regeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore, in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. The treatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the mineralization and significantly increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs, compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin (ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in a time-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties for development and clinical application of bone regeneration materials.

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 are participated in embryo development, implantation, remodeling of epithelial cell and ovulation. The objective of this study is to evaluate an impact of MMP2 and MMP9 on embryonic developmental competence as well as gene expression profiles of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. After in vitro fertilization, embryos of all groups were transferred into IVC-2 medium treated with MMP2 and MMP9 to check the optimum concentration on the basis of embryo development competence and cell numbers. The optimum concentrations for MMP2 and 9 were 1,200 ng/ml and 300 ng/ml. The blastocyst development competence was not different among 1,200 ng/ml of MMP2 vs. 300 ng/ml of MMP9 vs. combined MMP2 + 9 vs. control groups (41.46 ± 10.66 vs. 37.73 ± 8.92 vs. 45.11 ± 11.41% vs. 41.59 ± 11.88, respectively). Furthermore, the developmental competences to hatching and hatched blastocysts were not also different among the same groups (79.84 ± 12.63 vs. 83.3 ± 17.46 vs. 78.55 ± 14.48% vs. 72.02 ± 14.09). In addition, total cell number was significantly (p<0.05) greater in blastocyst treated with MMP9 300 ng/ml among all treatment groups. On the other hand, there was no significant difference of ICM vs. TE ratio in all groups. The expression of five out of six genes (i.e., MMP2, MMP9, IFNt, SSLP1 and HNRNPA2B1) was different among the groups. The expression of IFNt and HNRNPA2B1 genes was significantly greater in MMP9 (p<0.05), but there was no difference of MMP9 expression between MMP2 and MMP9 group (p>0.05). The normalized expression of MMP2 and SSLP1 was greater in MMP2 than other groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, MMPs treatment during IVC-2 medium was remarkably effected on blastocyst developmental competence and gene expression profiles that are related to embryo quality and implantation.

The main purpose of this study is to estimate the effect of adding Tea-N-Tris (TES) to the freezing buffer for miniature pig sperm. In particular, we attempted to identify the association between the MMPs expression and the fertility and viability of frozen sperm from each extender (LEY (Lactose Egg-Yolk), TLE (TES + LEY), TFGE (TES + Fructose + Glucose Egg-Yolk)). In accordance with this, Hypoosmotic Swelling Test (HOST) respond test was the lowest among sperms frozen in LEY while the highest HOST respond was observed among sperms frozen in TLE. Furthermore, we observed MMPs expression in all sperm groups, with pro-MMP showing lower expression than active MMPs. The expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 was the highest in sperms frozen in LEY, Meanwhile, sperms from the TFGE and TLE group showed lower level of MMP-9 and MMP-2 expression in the order of TLE being the lowest. LEY group showed lower rate of blastocyst development than the TES supplement group, although the difference was not statistically significant. Meanwhile the rate of blastocyst development appeared similar when sperms from TLE and TFGE group were used for IVF. Together, these results indicate that adding Tea-N-Tris to the sperm freezing buffer only suppresses MMPs protein activation but also maximize in-vitro fertility, providing a means to improve the success rate in the in vitro manipulation of miniature pig sperm.

A powder-in-sheath rolling method was applied to a fabrication of a carbon nano tube (CNT) reinforcedaluminum composite. A STS304 tube with an outer diameter of 34 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm was used as asheath material. A mixture of pure aluminum powders and CNTs with the volume contents of 1, 3, 5 vol was filled inthe tube by tap filling and then processed to 73.5% height reduction by a rolling mill. The relative density of the CNT/Al composite fabricated by the powder-in-sheath rolling decreased slightly with increasing of CNTs content, but exhib-ited high value more than 98. The grain size of the aluminum matrix was largely decreased with addition of CNTs; itdecreased from 24 µm to 0.9 µm by the addition of only 1 volCNT. The average hardness of the composites increasedby approximately 3 times with the addition of CNTs, comparing to that of unreinforced pure aluminum. It is concludedthat the powder-in-sheath rolling method is an effective process for fabrication of CNT reinforced Al matrix composites.

본 연구에서는 metal organic frameworks (MOFs)의 한 종류인 MIL-100(Fe)을 이용하여 혼합기질막(mixed matrix membranes, MMMs)을 제조하였다. MIL-100(Fe)의 함량을 고분자 대비 0∼30 wt%까지 변화시키면서 첨가된 MOF의 함량에 따른 기체의 투과 특성을 살펴보았다. H2, CO2, O2, N2, CH4의 기체 투과도는 MIL-100(Fe) 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 투과도가 증가하는 경향을 보여주었으며, 상대적으로 큰 입자크기를 가진 SF6의 투과도는 MIL-100(Fe)의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 투과도가 감소하였다. 이상 선택도는 N2/SF6의 경우 폴리이미드막 대비 약 40% 증가하였으며, 이를 통해 N2/SF6 분리에 적합한 분리막임을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 식품으로 사용하고 있는 유산균의 보존성과 안정성을 높이고, 맛과 시각적인 차별화를 주기 위한 방법으로 더블매트릭스 캡슐화에 대한 제조방법에 대하여 기술하였다. 일차캡슐화방법으로 5wt%의 슈크로스에스터를 이용하여 부드럽고 촉촉한 크림을 만들었다. 더블매트릭스캡슐화는 키토산과 아르긴산을 1:3의 비율로 혼합하여 제조하였을 때 가장 안정한 캡슐이 형성되었다. 더블매트릭스 캡슐입자의 크기는 지름이 3mm이었다. 유산균의 pH변화에 대한 활성은 산성(pH=4.3±0.3)이나 중성(pH=7.12±0.2)상태에서보다 알칼리성 (pH=10.5±0.3)에서 더욱 우수한 활성을 보였다. 1개월 경과 후에서도 살아있는 유산균의 활성을 확인할 수 있었다. 식품산업에 응용으로 요거트안에 유산균캡슐이 함유된 제형과 5가지의 색상을 입힌 더블매트릭스캡슐을 개발하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 유산균을 안정화시키는 방법의 하나의 도구로써, 더블매트릭스캡슐이 식품산업에 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 더 나아가 의약품산업에서 인슐린 등의 캡슐화를 통한 약물전달시스템 (drug delivery system) 및 화장품산업에서의 활성성분의 안정화 기술에 응용이 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

Carbon nanotube-dispersed bismuth telluride matrix (CNT/Bi2Te3) nanopowders were synthesized by chem- ical routes followed by a ball-milling process. The microstructures of the synthesized CNT/Bi2Te3 nanopowders showed the characteristic microstructure of CNTs dispersed among disc-shaped Bi2Te3 nanopowders with as an average size of 500 nm in-plane and a few tens of nm in thickness. The prepared nanopowders were sintered into composites with a homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in a Bi2Te3 matrix. The dimensionless figure-of-merit of the composite showed an enhanced value compared to that of pure Bi2Te3 at the room temperature due to the reduced thermal conductivity and increased electrical conductivity with the addition of CNTs.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been known to affect to cell migration, proliferation, morphogenesis and apoptosis by degrading the extracellular matrix. In the previous studies, undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were successfully proliferated inside the extracellular matrix (ECM) analog-conjugated three-dimensional (3D) poly ethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel. However, there is no report about MMP secretion in ESCs, which makes it difficult to understand and explain how ESCs enlarge space and proliferate inside 3D PEG-based hydrogel constructed by crosslinkers containing MMP-specific cleavage peptide sequence. Therefore, we investigated what types of MMPs are released from undifferentiated ESCs and how extracellular signals derived from various niche conditions affect MMP expression of ESCs at the transcriptional level. Results showed that undifferentiated ESCs expressed specifically MMP2 and MMP3 mRNAs. Transcriptional up-regulation of MMP2 was caused by the 3D scaffold, and activation of integrin inside the 3D scaffold upregulated MMP2 mRNAs synergistically. Moreover, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) on 2D matrix and 3D scaffold induced upregulation of MMP3 mRNAs, and activation of integrins through conjugation of extracellular matrix (ECM) analogs with 3D scaffold upregulated MMP3 mRNAs synergistically. These results suggest that successful proliferation of ESCs inside the 3D PEG-based hydrogel may be caused by increase of MMP2 and MMP3 expression resulting from 3D scaffold itself as well as activation of integrins inside the 3D PEG-based scaffold.

본고에서는 2011년 국토지리정보원 발간 세계전도 및 대한민국 주변도의 표준매트릭스를 기초로 다국어 매트릭스의 스페인어 매트릭스를 작성한 과정을 다루었다. 매트릭스의 작업 과정은 기존 스페인어 지명 표기의 수집 과정과 공인된 스페인어식 표기법이 없는 한국, 중국, 일본 등의 지명을 스페인어로 표기하는 과정으로 구성되었다. 스페인의 식민지 지배의 역사적 경험으로 인해 스페인어는 16세기 초 이후 외국 지명의 스페인어식 표기가 지속적으로 이루어졌다. 스페인어 사용자들에게 익숙한 발음으로 전환하고 언중들이 지명의 의미를 알기 쉽게 스페인어로 의미를 표기하는 것이 특징이었으며, 외국 지명의 상당 부분이 ‘스페인어화’된 경향이 있었다. 이에 비해 우리나라의 외국 지명 표기는 의미의 전달보다는 한국어의 발음을 중요시하는 경향이 있었다. 스페인어 매트릭스 작성 과정에서는 스페인어 지도집을 기준으로 삼았고, UNGEGN의 자료 및 각국의 지도관련 사이트 등을 이용하여 공인된 지명을 최대한 반영하였다. 스페인어 표기가 없는 상세한 지명은 국립국어원의 로마자어 표기법 및 스페인어 표기세칙을 따라 스페인어로 변환하였다.

이 논문은 부분공간 시스템 확인기법을 이용하여 전단빌딩의 강성행렬과 부재의 강성을 추정하는 기법을 소개한다. 시스템 행렬은 입력-출력 데이터로 구성된 행켈행렬을 LQ 분해와 특이치 분해를 통해 추정한다. 추정된 시스템 행렬은 닮음 변환을 통해 실제 좌표축으로 변환하고, 변환된 시스템 행렬로부터 강성행렬을 계산한다. 추정된 강성행렬의 정확성과 안정성은 행켈행렬의 크기에 따라 변한다. 전단빌딩의 기저 유한요소 모델을 이용하여 행켈행렬의 크기에 따른 강성행렬의 추정오차 곡선을 구한다. 오차 곡선을 이용하여 목표 정확도 수준에 부합하는 행켈행렬의 크기들을 결정한다. 이렇게 선택된 행렬의 크기들 중에서 부분공간 시스템 확인의 계산비용을 고려하여 보다 적절한 행렬의 크기를 결정할 수 있다. 결정된 크기의 행켈행렬을 이용하여 강성행렬을 추정하고 추정된 강성행렬로부터 부재의 강성을 추정한다. 제안된 방법을 손상 전후의 5층 전단빌딩 수치 예제에 적용하여 타당성을 검증한다.

Delamination crack detection is very important for improving the structural reliability of laminated composite structures. This requires real-time delamination detection technologies. For composite laminates that are reinforced with carbon fiber, an electrical potential method uses carbon fiber for reinforcements and sensors at the same time. The use of carbon fiber for sensors does not need to consider the strength reduction of smart structures induced by imbedding sensors into the structures. With carbon fiber reinforced (CF/) epoxy matrix composites, it had been proved that the delamination crack was detected experimentally. In the present study, therefore, similar experiments were conducted to prove the applicability of the method for delamination crack detection of CF/polyetherethereketone matrix composite laminates. Mode I and mode II delamination tests with artificial cracks were conducted, and three point bending tests without artificial cracks were conducted. This study experimentally proves the applicability of the method for detection of delamination cracks. CF/polyetherethereketone material has strong electric resistance anisotropy. For CF/polyetherethereketone matrix composites, a carbon fiber network is constructed, and the network is broken by propagation of delamination cracks. This causes a change in the electric resistance of CF/polyetherethereketone matrix composites. Using three point bending specimens, delamination cracks generated without artificial initial cracks is proved to be detectable using the electric potential method: This method successfully detected delamination cracks.