Arirang of North Korea is a major performance of the country, known externally in the form of Mass Gymnastics and Artistic Performance. It is unprecedented for a large-scale performance, as North Korea's Arirang, to be staged regularly for several years. The performance started in 2002, as a celebration commemorating the 90th anniversary of the birth of Kim Il-Sŏng. When it was first being prepared, the title of the performance was The Song of the First Sun. It is quite significant that North Korea changed the name of the performance from The Song of the First Sun, which symbolizes Kim Il-Sŏng, to Arirang, which symbolizes the sentiments of the Korean people. It is unknown when the folksong 'Arirang' started to be sung, however, it is clearly a song that reflects the age-old sentiments of the Korean people. After the song was played when athletes of the two Koreas made their joint entrance during the Sydney Olympics in September 2000, it became symbolic of the Korean people together with the Peninsula Flag, and was used whenever there was a joint entrance of North and South athletes or joint cheering of the crowds. While there are many interpretations on the origins of Arirang, it is considered, in North Korea, to be a song with nationalistic sentiments and a sense of resistance of the people. The Mass Gymnastics and Artistic Performance Arirang got its motif from the song 'Arirang', which symbolizes the hardships of the Korean people. However, Arirang suggests that North Koreans should not simply stop at expressing sorrowful sentiments of the folksong they must venture onto the road toward a Powerful Great Nation. The performance contains the message that, just as the Korean people had overcome hardships and suffering by singing the 'Arirang' together, the difficulties faced by the North Korean regime should also be surmounted through Arirang. At the time the performance Arirang was staged, there were many artistic works including popular songs, novels and poems being created with the theme of 'Powerful and Prosperous Revival', which the essence of Arirang. At the same time, the performance contains the discourses of 'Arirang People' and 'People of the Sun'. North Korea's full-fledged promotion of the concept of the 'Arirang People' deviates from its previous perspective of considering North Koreans and South Koreans to be the one ethnic group. In other words, it was the starting point of North Korea strengthening a discriminatory from of nationalism, moving away from its previous perspective that the people of both Koreas constituted a single ethnic group. The two Koreas were considered to be of the same ethnicity before, but now, North Korea is trying to articulate, through Arirang, its idea that 'South Korean society has become multi-ethnic and lost its ethnic purity, so ethnic purity lies with the North Korean people (the Kim Il-Sŏng people)'.

Recently, Korea Bridge Design Code(limit state design method) was introduced in 2012.However, Korea Infrastructure’s Safety Inspection Guideline are still following the bridge safety assessment. The assessment methods are classified according to material and bridge superstructure. Steel box girder bridge safety assessment was carried out by the A.S.D. In this study, introduce of steel box girder bridge safety assessment in accordance with the standards change.

En général, le détournement de fonds est l'appropriation frauduleuse de biens par quelqu'un pour son propre intérêt à qui l'on avait fait confiance pour gérer l'argent et les fonds détenus par un autre individu ou par une organisation tiers. Les fonds peuvent être des fonds sociaux ou des fonds publics. Les qualifications pénales d'abus de biens sociaux et d'abus de confiance sont voisines. L'abus de confiance couvre tous les agissements de détournement de fonds ou d'objet qui ont été confiés à une personne de confiance. Il s'agit ici moins de protéger la propriété d’autrui que de protéger les droits des créanciers. En cela l’infraction se distingue de l'abus de confiance qui, quant à elle protège non pas le créancier, mais le propriétaire ou le possesseur d'un bien. Si un débiteur, propriétaire de la chose remise en gage, détourne le bien gagé, il se rend coupable, non pas d’abus de confiance, mais de détournement d’objet constitué en gage. Ici, le cas, en l'espece, est du détournement d’objet constitué en gage: Il s'agit du fait, par un preteur du nom pour fiducie par l'organisme de propriété de famille de détourner l'objet constitué en gage. En général, l’incrimination s'applique à tout gage, qu'il s'agisse d'un gage avec dépossession ou sans dépossession, d’un gage civil ou commercial, d'un gage conventionnel ou d'un gage légal. L'arrêt de la cour suprême coréenne, jugé l'accord de puissance de corps, du 21 fev. 2013 a décidé que "le détournement est l'acte par lequel un individu dépossède une personne d'un bien qu'elle lui a confié. Il constitue l'élément matériel des délits de la nature de l'abus de confiance" et que "l'article 355 du Code pénal coréen est applicable au cas où le détournement d'objet constitué en gage est intervenue après la vente tardif pour le tiers." En effet, cet arrêt de la cour suprême coréene a changé son opinion postérieure, malheureusement, sans l'explication concrète. A mon avis, cet arrêt de la cour suprême coréene a refusé de bien respecter "le principe de non-punissabilité de l'acte postérieure en cas de l'abus de confiance". De ce point de vue, il est très naturel de critiquer la constatation de cet arrêt de la cour suprême coréenne.

Recently, Korea Bridge Design Code(KBDC) adapts to the Limit State Design method(L.S.D) in 2012 according to the liberalization of construction market and the flow of international standardization of the design criteria. However, Korea Infrastructure’s Safety Inspection Guideline(KISIG) are still following the bridge safety evaluation applying the A.S.D and U.S.D methods. In this study, introduction of PSC bridge safety evaluation with L.S.D considered the traditional safety evaluation compared to the ASD and USD methods.

We have developed a 2.5-dimensional electromagnetic particle simulation code using the particle-in-cell (PIC) method to investigate electromagnetic phenomena that occur in space plasmas. Our code is based on the leap-frog method and the centered difference method for integration and differentiation of the governing equations. We adopted the relativistic Buneman-Boris method to solve the Lorentz force equation and the Esirkepov method to calculate the current density while maintaining charge conservation. Using the developed code, we performed test simulations for electron two-stream instability and electron temperature anisotropy induced instability with the same initial parameters as used in previously reported studies. The test simulation results are almost identical with those of the previous papers.

When a radiation detector is applied to the measurement of the radioactivity of high-level of radioactive materials or the rapid response to the nuclear accident, several collimators with the different inner radii should be prepared according to the level of dose rate. This makes the in-situ measurement impractical, because of the heavy weight of the collimator. In this study, an IRIS collimator was developed so as to have a function of controlling the inner radius, with the same method used in optical camera, to vary the attenuation ratio of radiation. The shutter was made to have the double tungsten layers with different phase angles to prevent the radiation from penetrating owing to the mechanical tolerance. The performance evaluation through the MCNP code was conducted by calculating the attenuation ratio according to the inner radius of the collimator. The attenuation ratio was marked on the outer scale ring of the collimator. It is expected that when a radiation detector with the IRIS collimator is used for the in-situ measurement, it can change the attenuation ratio of the incident photon to the detector without replacing the collimator.

Sequence diversity was accumulated through evolution and breeding process. A set of 595 PCR-based novel insertion/deletion (InDel) markers was designed in order to widen the genetic basis for national rice breeding programs. The markers were generated by analyzing of 40 Korean cultivars and published genome sequences of rice(Oryza sativa L. spp japonica). We selected 112 markers spread across all rice chromosomes among the 595 InDel markers, and they showed polymorphic between rice cultivars, which are 284 Korean japonica and Tongil varieties. Due to their simplicity in design and robustness in genotyping, these InDel markers have been routinely used in quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies and marker assisted selection programs for rice. Moreover, the PCR amplification type of InDel markers was converged to digital code, 0 or 1 and then finally represented as one- and two dimensional bar-code system, which could easily differentiate genetically highly homologous japonica rice cultivars. The developed InDel markers uniquely discriminated among each of the Korean cultivars. Therefore, the systems we developed may be valuable tools in discrimination from cultivars

The Recent earthquake damage of surrounding countries is increasing, occurrence of frequent earthquakes in the country, thus, the interest about the seismic performance of the structure is increasing. Korea, was established in 2008 earthquake measures method, KBC2009 was also amended by design standards. KBC2009 based seismic design and seismic strengthening has become mandatory, Design of the building before the current seismic design standards must be satisfied in KBC2009. Therefore, ATC-40, FEMA-273 and seismic performance evaluation of Korea Infrastructure Safety Corporation will conduct the seismic performance evaluation at the Previous design code building.

The Korean electric power industry autonomously developed the Korea Electric Power Industry Code (“KEPIC”) with political support from the government with a view to creating domestic codes and standards for electric power facilities. Since KEPIC was initially issued in November 1995, the Korea Electric Association (“KEA”) has consistently updated it, developing new codes and standards like Structural Maintenance Inspection and so on.

본 연구의 목적은 스마트 기기를 활용한 교수-학습 설계와 학습방법에 대한 새로운 접근 및 방향을 제안하는데 있으며, 첨단 매체를 활용하여 학습자 참여를 촉진하는 게임형태의 주제중심 통합학습 교수설계의 사례를 제시하였다. QR코드를 활용한 주제중심 통합학습의 사례인 퀘스트 기반학습은 학습동기, 경험학습, 사회적 상호작용을 촉진하는 역할을 한다. QR코드를 활용한 설계는 자신의 인지구조를 확장하는데 요구되는 사회적 상호작용 전략, 동기증진 전략, 구성 주의에서 강조하는 복잡한 문제 상황과 스캐폴딩 전략이 포함된 학습자 중심 학습 환경을 지원하였다. 스마트 기기를 이용한 게임형 퀘스트 기반학습을 통해 학습에 대한 흥미 증진, 학습자 중심의 참여 학습, 활동중심, 협력학습, 사회적 상호작용을 통한 지식의 창출 측면에 대한 교수 설계에 창의적인 학습 환경을 제공하는 기회를 확인하였다.

This study is designed to demonstrate reorganization of the social and religious time in the later Roman empire through legislation of Christian feasts by the Theodosian Code. It first examines the social rhythm of Roman society in the middle of the 4th century with recourse to the Codex-Calendar of 354. Then it proceeds to demonstrate how the imperial laws in the fourth and fifth centuries had changed traditional Roman time into Christian time. The legislation of Sundays/Lord’s days as feriae publicae introduced weekly holidays into Roman society. Subsequent laws designated Christian feasts such as Easter, Epiphany, and Christmas as public holidays, while they abolished feriae connected with pagan gods, thereby making them workdays. Creation of many imperial anniversaries may be understood as a process of modifying a pagan Roman society into a Christian one. Reorganization of the social time can also be seen in imperial legislation which prohibited spectacles on Christian feast days. Many imperial laws which abrogated pagan cults and superstitions and strove to preserve and keep spectacles demonstrate secularization of public entertainment. Furthurmore, prohibition of spectacles, even those linked to imperial anniversaries, on Christian feast days as well as conceptual distinction between “time for prayer” and “time for entertainment” displays a process of separation between religion and festivals. Other imperial laws emphasized humanitarian concerns on Christian feasts. They demanded Easter amnesty, prohibition of tortures during Lenten seasons, and visitation of prisoners on every Sunday. This study corroborates that the process of Christianization of the later Roman empire included reorganization of the social and religious time through imperial legislation.

국제해사기구(IMO)에서는 선박매매 시 정비이력 및 고장정보를 신규 선주에게 이관하도록 ISM Code를 개정하기 위한 움직임이 있다. 이에 대비하여 해운산업에 미치는 영향을 관련 분야 종사자들에 대한 인터뷰와 설문지 조사를 통해 실증분석을 하였다. 그 결과 부정적인 영향보다는 ISM Code의 고유목적인 선박안전의 측면에 긍정적인 영향이 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 선박매매가격, 선박보험에 전반적인 영향은 크지 않지만 선박관리가 잘 된 선박에 대해서는 긍정적인 영향을 줄 것이라고 예측되었다. 응답자 그룹별 인식차이분석에서는 실제 선박을 운영하고 매매하는 해운회사와 물류회사가 포워더나 화주사에 비해 개정의 영향을 더욱 의미 있게 받아들이고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 정비기록 및 고장이력 열람이 매수자 및 매도자에게 동일하게 적용됨으로써, 선박매매 시 정보 편향성이 해소되어 공정한 시장(Clean Market)을 형성할 수 있고, 해운기업들은 정비기록정보를 통해 미래에 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 예방하고 해결점을 찾는데 소요되는 시간과 비용 손실을 줄일 수 있다. 이러한 정보를 활용하여 선박의 리스크 분석 및 위험예방관리가 가능함으로 선박의 유지 보수 능력이 증대되어 선박안전 역량제고 및 환경오염 예방에 기여할 것이라고 판단된다.

The transport of radioactive material by sea is strictly governed by the international regulatory regime which is established by both IAEA and IMO. Nonetheless, although the current regime is well established, due to catastrophic results of potential accident, it is essential to keep identifying areas where further enhancement is necessary. This paper reviews the current regulatory regime governing sea transport, such as IAEA Regulations, IMDG Code and INF Code. Then, specific requirements of the INF Code are analyzed for the purpose of identifying areas where improvement is necessary from the perspective of ships. Through this analysis, this paper identifies areas to be improved and proposes to improve the INF Code which can supplement the current regulatory regime for sea transport of radioactive material.

The purpose of this study is to propose the decision making code of need for repair and strengthening in concrete bridges. First, to propose the decision making code, the guidelines and codes for a decision making of repair and strengthening and state assesment in United States and Japan were investigated and analyzed. Based on the investigated and analysis data, The decision making code of need for repair and strengthening that is divided into seven kinds of deterioration and damage is proposed. Through the proposed codes, rational and objective decision making of need for repair and strengthening is expected.

본 연구는 스마트폰으로 인식이 가능한 QR코드를 이용한 퀘스트 기반학습을 적용하여 교육 현장에서 학습방법으로서 가능성을 확인하는데 있다. 퀘스트 기반학습의 적용은 초등학교 3학년 32명을 대상으로 1개월간 총 8차시에 걸쳐 적용되었다. 학습활동 후 학습동기의 네 가지 하위요인에 대한 다변량분석을 하였다. 연구결과, 퀘스트 기반학습은 동기하위요인 중 주의집중과 자신감 요인의 동기를 촉진하는 긍정적인 결과를 보였다. 게임형태의 퀘스트 기반학습은 다양한 미디어를 활용한 학습방법으로 교육현장에서 학습자 참여를 촉진하고, 활동중심의 경험학습을 위한 학습방법으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.