The densification behavior of Al-20Si-5.5Fe-1.2Mg-0.5Mn powders was investigated through micro-structure analysis of sintered specimens. The specimens sintered in vacuum or in high purity (99.999%) nitrogen showed porous near-surface microstructures. The densification of near-surface part was enhanced by means of ultra-high purity (99.9999%) nitrogen atmosphere. The relationship between slow densification and oxide surfaces of Al alloy powders was discussed. And the effects of Mg addition, nitrogen gas, and humidity on densification were discussed. In addition, the rapid growth of primary Si crystals above the critical temperature was reported.

In this study, the bottom-up powder metallurgy and the top-down severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques for manufacturing bulk nanomaterials were combined in order to achieve both full density and grain refinement without grain growth of rapidly solidified Al-20 wt% Si alloy powders during consolidation processing. Continuous equal channel multi-angular processing (C-ECMAP) was proposed to improve low productivity of conventional ECAP, one of the most promising method in SPD. As a powder consolidation method, C-ECMAP was employed. A wide range of experimental studies were carried out for characterizing mechanical properties and microstructures of the ECMAP processed materials. It was found that effective properties of high strength and full density maintaining nanoscale microstructure are achieved. The proposed SPD processing of powder materials can be a good method to achieve fully density and nanostructured materials.

최근 발생한 오대산지진(2007년 1월 20일)으로부터 관측된 지반진동 파형을 이용하여 응답스펙트럼을 분석하였으며, 결과를 국내 원자력 관련 구조물의 내진설계 기준과 비교하였다. 연구에 이용된 지반진동 개수는 수평성분 및 수직성분 각각 21개 및 8개이다. 지반진동을 이용하여 주파수별 지반응답을 구하고 정규화 분석 및 통계적 분석을 하였다. 본 연구결과를 국내 원자력시설물의 내진기준에 해당하는 Reg. Guide 1.60과 비교한 결과 특히 약 10 Hz 이상의 고주파수 영역에서 수직 및 수평 성분 모두 MPOSD스펙트럼이 Reg. Guide 1.60보다 높은 값을 보여 주었다. 따라서 향후 국내 지진활동 실정에 적합한 내진설계를 위해 수직 및 수평 성분 모두 10Hz 이상의 고주파수 대역에서 응답스펙트럼 값을 심각하게 고려할 필요가 있다.

본 연구는 20대 남여를 중심으로 수도권 백화점의 이용행태를 파악하고, 쇼핑행태에 영향을 주는 고객동선으로 에스컬레이터 이용방법 및 선호에 대하여 조사하고자 한다. 이러한 실내 동선을 유도하는 수직 동선의 디자인은 백화점 매출이나 운영 방식 등에 활용되며 많은 도움이 될 것을 기대한다. 조사결과는 다음과 같다. 20대 남성고객의 경우 백화점을 이용하는 이유는 집과 가깝기 때문이며, 교통편은 버스를 이용하고 가장 많이 구매하는 매장은 남성의류이며, 백화점을 쇼핑하는 행태는 주로 쇼핑할 매장이 있는 층을 바로 찾아가는 것으로 조사되었다. 쇼핑시간은 1시간에서 2시간으로 가장 많았고, 에스컬레이터를 주로 이용하며, 현재 주로 사용하는 반대방향 에스컬레이터지만 여기에 불편함을 느끼고 양쪽방향의 에스컬레이터를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 20대 여성고객의 경우 이용하는 이유는 집과 가깝다와 쇼핑하기가 편한 것이며, 교통편은 지하철을 이용을 하며 여성의류매장이 주소비매장이다. 여성의 쇼핑행태는 쇼핑을 즐기는 이유로 인해 1층부터 차례대로 한 층씩 둘러보는 경향으로 나타났으며, 자주 이용하는 에스컬레이터는 현재 상태인 한쪽방향에스컬레이터를 이용했으나. 남성과 마찬가지로 그에 불편함을 느껴 양쪽방향의 에스컬레이터를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 남성과 여성의 소비행태는 남성의 경우 주된 타겟형 소비이며 여성의 경우 주된 목표가 있더라도 일단 전반적인 매장 디스플레이를 돌아보는 경향이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 주로 쇼핑은 에스컬레이터를 이용하지만 양방향 에스컬레이터에 대한 선호가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 앞으로 더욱 대형화되고 이벤트화 되는 백화점 실내공간이 예상되므로 이에 대한 입체적 디자인 개념과 프로그램의 적용 그리고 휴식공간 및 문화공간에 대한 연구가 후속되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

In the 20th century, Christian churches and mission agencies had a great revival and missionary movement. The revival movement made an huge impact on Christian believers to repent of their sins and to commit themselves into the missionary works. The mission mind that was coming out of revivalism must be a power to transform the churches and societies in order to evangelize their family members, friends, relatives, and even those who were in the physical and spiritual needs through all over the world. From the viewpoint of sociological stands, the 20th century revivalism tends to deny the theory of secularization. Even though the society of the 20th century became more secular than the previous century, the churches and mission minds could not be weaken by the secularization process. However, from the economic and political standpoints, it was negatively evaluated, because it should be closely connected with Western capitalism and American right wing sides. Lastly, from the socio-cultural aspects, it had a crisis of destruction threatened by the popular cultures and multi-cultures. In conclusion, revivalism and Christian missions have to go together. The missionary works should firstly recover the power and enthusiasm from the Holy Spirit. The missions, however, should not be royal only to a specific culture and nation but to the archy type of Christianity in the biblical first church. The major task of Christian missions should be the recovery of enthusiasm experienced in the biblical first church and the application to the all nations and people.

Macrophage inflammatory prote in -3α (M1P-3a 01' CCL20) is an intr땅uing molecule in CanCel‘ irrununotherapy‘ but M1P-3 a expr ession and signaling are not well under s tood in oral cancer cell s. We investigated CCL20 expression a nd signal trans duction by treating immortal ized hllman oral keratinocyte (IHO찌 and oral ca ncer (뻐 4) cells with defe roxa llline (DFO) and examined the mRNA express ion 01' CCL20 using RT- PCR and ELI8A. lHOK and HN4 cells treated with DFO sbowed increased mRNA and protein expression 01' CCL20. and the upregulation 01' DFO-induced CCL20 expression was higher in IHOK cells than in HN4 cells 8elective inhibitors of p38 and ERKl/2 abol ished DF'O- induced CCL20 expression in both lHOK and HN12 cells. and p38 and ERKl/2 inhibitors prevented DFO- induceddegradati on 01' 1 -κ B and NF'-K B activation. Activation 01' c-fos and c-jun also occmred fo l lowing DFO treatment in IHOK and HN4 cells Collectively, these results suggest that DFO-indllced M1 P- 3a. which is involved in the MAP kinase‘ c-fos, c-jun, and NF-K B pathways, may be an important mediator of the a ntitumor immune response in oral keratinocytes ancl warrants con sideration as a target molecule for oral cancer t reatment

Although substance P (SP). a potent pro-inflammatory peptide, is involved in inflammation and immune responses, the effect of SP 011 the expression of macl'ophage inJlammatol'Y protein 3a (MIP-3a. CCL20) in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells a l'e unknown Equally as enigmatic is the link between SP. the stress protein heme oxygenase-l (HO-l) , and CCL20 product ion. We investigated whether SP induces the release of chemokine CCL20 from irrunortalized POL (IPDL) cells. and further claif’y SP mediated pathways . We also exarnined the relationship between HO-l and CCL20 by treating POL cells with SP Incubating IPOL cells with SP incl'eased ex pl'ession of CCL20 mRNA and CCL20 protein in a dose-time dependent manner. Highly selective p38 and ERKl/2 inhibitors abl'ogated SP-induced expression of CCL20 lD IPOL cells SP is also responsible fo l' ini tiating phosphorylation of I/( B‘ degl'adation of IK B. and activation of NF-/( B. SP induced expression of HO-l in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner. and CCL20 refl ected similal' patterns. The inductive effects of SP on HO-l and CCL20 were enhanced by HO- l inducer hemin and the membrane-permea ble cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP Conversely, this pathway was inhi bited by the HO-l inhibitor zinc Pl'otoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX) and the selective inhibitor of guanylate cyclase‘ 1H- [1. 2. 4]uxad iazole[4, 3-alquinoxal i n- 1-one (ODQ) We report hel'ein the pathway that connects SP a long with other modulators 0 1' neuroimmunoregulationto the induction of HO-1 and the inflanunatol'y mediatol' MIP- 3a /CCL20 in IPDL cel ls. which play an impol'tant role in the development 0 1' pe- I'iodontitis or inflammation during ol'thodontic tooth movement