Metarhizium anisopliae (녹강균)는 흰점박이꽃무지에게 질병을 일으키는 곤충 병원성 곰팡이 중 하나이다. 이러한 곰팡이의 병원성은 환경 조건에 의해 영향을 받는다. 녹강균에 대한 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 민감성을 알기 위해 온도(20℃, 25℃, 30℃), 상대습도 (RH 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%), 톱밥 수분함량 (40%, 50%, 60%)이 다른 사육 조건에서 유충의 치사율을 확인하였다. 녹강균을 처리한 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 치사율은 온도에 따라 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 낮은 상대습도 (RH 40%)와 톱밥 수분함량 (40%)에서 유충의 치사율이 높았다. 녹강균에 대한 1령, 2령, 3령 유충의 치사율은 1령에서 가장 높게 나타났다.

Trialeurodes vaporariorum is an important greenhouse pest worldwide. We compared the efficacy of a new strain of Beauveria bassiana (ARP14) with a commercialized one (GHA) against 2nd instar and 4th instar of T. vaporarioum. Those nymphs were exposed to the fungus in a concentration of 1×108 conidia/mL by leaf dipping method. There was no difference in mycosis rates at any observation time between the two strains in both 2nd (100.0%) and 4th instar (100.0%). Lethal median time (LT50) wasn't different between the two strains in both 2nd and 4th instar. In conclusion, the new B. bassiana strain (ARP14) would be a good candidate of mycoinsecticide for whitefly management.

선충포식성 곰팡이는 선충을 포획하기 위하여 다양하고 특수한 기관을 사용한다. 국내 성주지역의 참외 경작지 뿌리 주변의 토양에서 3차원 접착 고리를 형성하여 선충을 포획하는 곰팡이를 분리하였다. 곰팡이의 미세형태 구조를 관찰한 결과 분생포자병은 직립형으로 길이는 290~528 (342.8) μm으로 길었으며, 계란형의 30.5 × 20.3 μm 크기를 가진 1~3개의 분생포자를 형성하였다. 균주의 rDNA의 5.8 S 영역의 염기서열을 분석한 결과, Arthrobotrys속의 계통군에 속하였으며, 특히 Arthrobotrys sinensis와 99%의 유사성을 보였다. 형태적 특징과 분자생물학적 계통 분석을 바탕으로 본 균주는 A. sinensis로 확인되었으며, 이는 국내 미기록종으로 식물기생성선충의 생물학적 조절을 위한 하나의 자원이 될 수 있다.

Biological control has emerged due to the side effects of chemical control such as residual and toxicity. One of the biological controls is entomopathogenic fungi. The entomopathogenic fungus used in this study was first detected in the insectary. The fungus was identified as Lecanicillium sp. based on the sequences of the ITS1 and 2 regions. Lecanicillium sp. infects aphids, scale insects and whiteflies, especially Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii. In this study, we characterized the fungal phenotype, growth condition, and pathogenicity against green peach aphid. Mycelial growth of Lecanicillium sp. was 12.79±0.46 mm diameter during 7days on potato dextrose agar at 25℃. In addition, the fungus was able to annihilate 100% green peach aphids, after 8days of inoculation. Ultimately, this study would be provide new information on Lecanicillium sp. and suggest the potential utilization of this fungus as a biological control agent.

Destruxins (Dtxs) are insecticidal cyclic hexadepsipeptides produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Media composition for dtxs production was optimized with industrial grade media. Glycerol and casein peptone were selected as a carbon source and a nitrogen source, respectively. Dtxs production varied with C/N ratios. High yields of dtxs were observed at C/N ratios ranging 0.3 to 1.5, with concentrations mostly higher than 800 mg/L. Low yields were caused by high C/N ratio ranging from 3.0 to 8.0, resulting in less than 500 mg/L. The highest yield of Dtxs was obtained with 2% glycerol and 3% casein peptone, showing 192.2 mg/L of dtx A, 911.1 mg/L of dtx B, and 113.3 mg/L of dtx E, respectively. These results indicated that dtxs production is highly influenced by C/N ratio, especially the content of nitrogen source.

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an important polyphagous pest and transmits plant pathogenic virus to numerous agriculture crops. We compared the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana ARP14 strain with commercialized GHA strain against 2nd instar and 4th instar of B. tabaci. The nymphs were exposed in 1×108 conidia/mL by dipping method. There was no difference in mycosis rate between the two strains in both 2nd and 4th instar. After 72 h, mycosis rate of 2nd instar was 100.0% in B. bassiana ARP14 strain followed by 97.4% in B. bassiana GHA strain. In 4th instar, B. bassiana ARP14 strain caused 100.0% while B. bassiana GHA strain caused 93.3%.

작은뿌리파리는 넓은 기주 범위를 가지며 시설하우스에서 피해를 주는 주요 해충이다. 이를 해결하기 위한 방제 방법을 연구하기 위해 재현성 있는 사육방법을 개발보급시켜야 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 실내에서 작은뿌리파리에 대한 대량사육시스템을 구축하고 생태적 특성을 연구하였다. 작은뿌리파리의 온도별 발육을 조사한 결과, 20℃에서 부화율, 용화율, 우화율이 가장 높았으며, 성충을 제외한 발육기간이 20.8일로 가장 짧았다. 성충수명은 온도가 높아질수록 수명이 짧아졌으며, 20℃에서 평균 144개로 가장 많이 산란하였다. 작은뿌리파리 유충 사육배지 조성이 유충 발육에 미치는 영향을 알아본 결과, 물한천배지와 감자디스크배지가 부화율 84.7, 84.4%로 높았으며, 유충기간은 감자디스크배지가 14.7 일로 가장 짧았다. 용화율, 우화율은 감자디스크배지가 85.2, 82.6%로 가장 높았고 산란수도 125.6개로 가장 높았다. 우화케이지에서 생육배지를 선발한 결과, 우화율은 원예용 상토 50% + 톱밥 25% + 잘게 간 감자 25% 배지가 접종 14일차의 우화율이 88.4%로 가장 높았다. 우화케이지의 생육배지 적정 접종밀도는 유충 1,000개 접종 시 84.7%로 가장 높았고, 유충 3,000, 5,000, 7,000개 접종시 81.4, 58.8, 38.7%로 유충 접종량이 많을수록 우화율이 낮았다. 위 실험 결과에 따라 작은뿌리파리의 대량사육시스템의 사육단계별 자세한 사항을 정리하였다.

Fungus gnat, Bradysia impatiens is the most serious pest of different vegetable crops, mushroom and ornamental crops. In this study, we compared the control efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematode; Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabdistis indica in Bradysia impatiens last instar maggots at 25℃ in laboratory. Our present study shows that, nematode infection and reproduction both were higher in the warm adapted nematode H. indica than the cold adapted S. carpocapsae. Therefore, entomopathogenic nematode H. indica can be use for control the Badysia impatiens as the efficient biological control agent.

버섯과 배지에 피해를 주는 긴수염버섯파리와 원예작물의 뿌리를 가해하는 작은뿌리파리 같은 버섯파리류의 성충 발생예찰에 끈끈이트랩이 사용되고 있으며 끈끈이트랩을 이용한 예찰은 살충제 및 친환경 방제 수단의 투입을 결정하기 위한 중요한 측도이기도 하다. 다양한 색상의 끈끈이트랩은 간편하고 빠르게 설치할 수 있기 때문에 버섯파리류의 성충을 비롯한 비행 능력이 있는 대부분의 해충 예찰에 이용된다. 버섯파리류 성충 예찰에는 황색 끈끈이트랩이 가장 효과적이며, 예찰뿐만 아니라 대량유살을 통한 방제 목적으로 이용되기도 한다. 버섯재배사와 원예작물 재배지에 발생하여 피해를 주는 버섯파리류 성충의 효과적인 예찰 및 방제를 위한 끈끈이트랩의 최적 설치위치를 검토한 결과,양송이와 느타리버섯은 2단 베드에, 톱밥표고버섯은 베드 위 100 cm에, 수경재배 딸기는 베드 하단에, 수경재배 토마토는 베드 위 20 cm에 설치하였던 끈끈이트랩에서 버섯파리류 유인수가 가장 많았다. 본 연구는 버섯파리류 성충의 효율적인 예찰 및 방제를 위해서 작물의 재배형태나 환경에 따라 끈끈이트랩의 설치 위치를 달리하여야 되는 것을 시사했다.

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae B is a powerful biological control agent against Monochamusalternatus, a crucial mediator of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this study, production of destruxins(dtxs), insecticidal cyclic hexadepsipeptides, was monitored in the submerged culture of M. anisopliae B. Three typesof dtxs, i.e., destruxin A, B, and E, were produced during the culture. Among the three dtxs, the production yield ofdestruxin A was best, followed by destruxin B and E. Destruxin A production was increased when pH was controlledat 6.0, whereas production of destruxin E was not affected by the pH control. The highest yield of dtxs A, B, and Ewere 16.4, 7.3, and 6.1 mg L-1, respectively. Considering that process for dtxs production has not been optimized, M.anisopliae B has more powerful implication as a biocontrol agent.

As a result of the curation of NIBR Insect Collection (NIBR, 2016), we found a new species and 4 newly recordedspecies, Tropideres distinguendus sp. nov., Acorynus latirostris (Sharp), Illis anna Shibata, Phaulimia confinis Sharp, Choraguscissoides Sharp. The genera, Acorynus Schoenherr and Illis Jordan are also newly recorded to Korean fauna. The newspecies, Tropideres distinguendus is easily distinguished from other species by the tubercles and dorsal pubescence pattern.Phaulimia confinis is similar to P. rufobasis, but easily distinguished from the latter by blackish elytral color and tibialpubescence band. Choragus cissoides is similar to C. cryphaloides, but easily distinguished from the latter by the absenceof lateral carina of pronotum.

Through data mining of the Cordyceps militaris genome, a lectin-encoding gene, CMLec3, was identified. In this study, the CMLec3 sequence was analyzed using bioinformatics approaches, and the gene was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. The biological activity of the product was examined. In addition, CMLec3 gene expression levels were assessed. The results showed that the CMLec3 protein contained a lectin domain structure and was successfully expressed. The CMLec3 protein partly inhibited HeLa cell proliferation. CMLec3 exhibited the highest gene expression in the primordium at a level 5.19 times that of the mycelium and 1.35 times that of the fruiting body. This suggests that the gene may be related to fruiting body development.

The lingzhi mushroom or reishi mushroom (traditional Chinese: 靈芝; pinyin: língzhī; Japanese: 霊芝; rōmaji: reishi; Vietnamese: linh chi; Korean: Yeong Ji; literally: "soul/spirit mushroom") is a species complex that encompasses several fungal species of the genus Ganoderma, most commonly the closely related species Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma tsugae, and Ganoderma lingzhi. G. lingzhi enjoys special veneration in East Asia, where it has been used as a medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years, making it one of the oldest mushrooms known to have been used medicinally. Yellow rot on Reish mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) has been the most destructive disease in the mushroom cultivation area in Korea. The causal pathogen was first reported as Xylogone sphaerospora (Anamorph Sporendonema purpurascens) by Lee et al in 1996 and some effective fungicides were selected to control the disease. A cultural method, vinyl cover method (VCM), in which wood logs are wrapped in two layers of polyethylene film and sterilized before spawning, was also developed by Oh et al. to control the disease by preventing soil inoculum. However, the control methods were not so effective in the farm that severe yield losses have occurred in the mushroom farm in which the disease have occurred. In order to prevent air-borne inoculum as well as soil-borne inoculum we used the 4-floor cultivation shelf and Soil contact barrier (crushed stone, reflective film, metal sound barrier). In the first year of the cultivation, none of the woods observed was infected with the pathogen.

곤충병원성 곰팡이 Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)가 혹명나방, 배추좀나방, 복숭아혹진딧물과 진딧물 인 미분류 1종을 감염시키는 것을 발견하였다. 이들은 전라북도 진안, 김제, 익산에서 수집되었고, 6월과 9월에 관찰이 가능하였다. 이 균에 감염 된 혹명나방은 진안에서 수집되었고, 감염율이 46%에 달하였다. 감염된 곤충 충체로부터 균을 분리하여 Sabouraud dextrose agar with yeast extract (SDAY)를 이용하여 인공배양을 시도하였다. 그 결과, 20~28°C가 인공배양을 위한 최적온도로 판단되며, SDAY보다 SDAY supplemented with egg yolk and milk (SDAY-EM)에서 발육이 보다 양호하였다. 이 곰팡이는 자연적으로 발생함을 포장에서 확인할 수 있었다.

This study was carried out to elucidate suppressive effect of loess-sulfur complex and neem oil on the development of leaf mold and fungus gnat in no-pesticide tomato farming system. Since tomato leaf mold occurred 15%, neem oil, loess-sulfur mixture and boscalid(47%, water soluble chemicals) 2,000 times, 1,000 times and 2000 times diluted was treated three times, respectively. When disease incidence of tomato leaf mold was investigated 20 days after final treatment, it was recorded 17% in neem oil treatment(control efficacy 40%) and 12.3% in loess-sulfur mixture treatment(control efficacy 59%). Among three control agents used, Boscalid(47%, water soluble chemicals) showed the best control effect against tomato leaf mold. When neem oil was diluted 250 times, 330 times and 500 times and treated in coir bag infected with fungus gnat, its control values was 69, 59, and 55%, respectively. There was no significant difference among three treatments. As a result, 500-fold diluted neem oil treatment is considered a good measure to control fungus gnat in the field condition.

Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Gloever is one of the major pests on a wide range of economically important crops in the world. The sustained use of chemical insecticides to control the aphid has led to the emergence of resistant strains to numerous used insecticides. As an alternative strategy entomopathogenic fungi have been used as part of integrated pest management program to control aphid, especially insecticide-resistance population. In particular, Beauveria bassiana-based commercial bio-insecticide has been used to reduce the pest population under greenhouse conditions in various countries. In this study, we investigated the control efficacy of a prototype of commercial mycopesticide using an B. bassiana (wettable powder) against cotton aphid on potted cucumber plant in greenhouse conditions.